Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Latent polyphenol oxidase (LPPO), an enzyme responsible for the browning reaction of sago starches during processing and storage, was investigated. The enzyme was effectively extracted and partially purified from the pith using combinations of nonionic detergents. With Triton X-114 and a temperature-induced phase partitioning method, the enzyme showed a recovery of 70% and purification of 4. 1-fold. Native PAGE analysis of the partially purified LPPO revealed three activity bands when stained with catechol and two bands with pyrogallol. The molecular masses of the enzymes were estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 37, 45, and 53 kDa. The enzyme showed optimum pH values of 4.5 with 4-methylcatechol as a substrate and 7.5 with pyrogallol. The LPPO was highly reactive toward diphenols and triphenols. The activity of the enzyme was greatly enhanced in the presence of trypsin, SDS, ethanol, and linoleic acid.
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PMID:Latent polyphenol oxidases from sago log (Metroxylon sagu): partial purification, activation, and some properties. 1105 75

In the present paper, a fully latent polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from desert truffle (Terfezia claveryi Chatin) ascocarps is described for the first time. The enzyme was partially purified by using phase partitioning in Triton X-114 (TX-114). The achieved purification was 2-fold from a crude extract, with a 66% recovery of activity. The interfering lipids were reduced to 13% of the original content. In addition, the purification gave rise to a reduction of phenolic compounds to only 37.5%, thus avoiding the postpurification tanning of the enzyme. Latent PPO was activated by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or by incubation with trypsin. The amount of SDS necessary to obtain a maximum activation was dependent on the nature of the substrate. The use of SDS also permitted the histochemical localization of the latent enzyme within the ascocarp. Terfezia polyphenol oxidase was kinetically characterized using two phenolic substrates (L-DOPA and tert-butylcatechol). The latter substrate presented inhibition at high substrate concentration with a K(si) of 6.3 mM. Different inhibiting agents (kojic and cinnamic acid, mimosine and tropolone) were also studied, tropolone being the most effective.
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PMID:Partial purification, characterization, and histochemical localization of fully latent desert truffle (Terfezia claveryi Chatin) polyphenol oxidase. 1130 47

In the present study, the inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) by the flavonoid quercetin has been investigated. The results show a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of GSTP1-1 by quercetin. GSTP1-1 activity is completely inhibited upon 1 h incubation with 100 microM quercetin or 2 h incubation with 25 microM quercetin, whereas 1 and 10 microM quercetin inhibit GSTP1-1 activity to a significant extent reaching a maximum of 25 and 42% inhibition respectively after 2 h. Co-incubation with tyrosinase greatly enhances the rate of inactivation, whereas co-incubation with ascorbic acid or glutathione prevents this inhibition. Addition of glutathione upon complete inactivation of GSTP1-1 partially restores the activity. Inhibition studies with the GSTP1-1 mutants C47S, C101S and the double mutant C47S/C101S showed that cysteine 47 is the key residue in the interaction between quercetin and GSTP1-1. HPLC and LC-MS analysis of trypsin digested GSTP1-1 inhibited by quercetin did not show formation of a covalent bond between Cys 47 residue of the peptide fragment 45-54 and quercetin. It was demonstrated that the inability to detect the covalent quercetin-peptide adduct using LC-MS is due to the reversible nature of the adduct-formation in combination with rapid and preferential dimerization of the peptide fragment once liberated from the protein. Nevertheless, the results of the present study indicate that quinone-type oxidation products of quercetin likely act as specific active site inhibitors of GSTP1-1 by binding to cysteine 47.
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PMID:Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 by the flavonoid quercetin. 1268 90

Tyrosinase is a glycoprotein responsible for the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes. A large number of mutations have been identified in tyrosinase, with many leading to its misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, and degradation. Here we describe the folding and maturation of human tyrosinase (TYR) using an in vitro translation system coupled with ER-derived microsomes or with semipermeabilized cells, as an intact ER source. TYR remained misfolded as determined by its sensitivity to trypsin digestion and its persistent interaction with the ER resident lectin chaperones calnexin and calreticulin when produced in ER-derived microsomes or nonmelanocytic semipermeabilized cells. However, when TYR was translocated into semipermeabilized melanocytes, chaperone interactions were transient, maturation progressed to a trypsin-resistant state, and a TYR homodimer was formed. The use of semipermeabilized mouse melanocytes defective for tyrosinase or other melanocyte-specific proteins as the ER source indicated that proper TYR maturation and oligomerization were greatly aided by the presence of wild type tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. These findings suggested that oligomerization is a step in proper TYR maturation within the ER that requires melanocyte-specific factors.
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PMID:Tyrosinase maturation and oligomerization in the endoplasmic reticulum require a melanocyte-specific factor. 1272 9

The phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the hemocytes lysate supernatant from three ascidians species, assayed by means of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride, have been compared. PO-containing hemocytes were identified by a cytochemical reaction and the enzymatic activity measured by a spectrophotometric assay of lysate supernatant from hemocyte populations separated on a discontinuous Percoll density gradient. In Styela plicata, the enzyme appeared to be contained in morula cells only. In Ciona intestinalis, PO activity was shown in univacuolar refractile granulocyte and granular hemocyte. In Phallusia mammillata both compartment cell and granular hemocytes were positive. Enzymatic assay following electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or SDS-PAGE indicated that hemocyte lysate presented orthodiphenoloxidase (catecholase) activity. The enzymes from the three species differed in molecular size, activating substances and trypsin sensitivity.
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PMID:Phenoloxidases in ascidian hemocytes: characterization of the pro-phenoloxidase activating system. 1289 50

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a well-adapted pathogen of the periodontal pocket distinguished by its wide array of proteolytic activities and its ability to adhere to multiple substrata in the oral cavity. Microbial proteins with binding functions (such as adhesins and enzymes) very often contain critical tyrosine residues, supported by one or more asparagines in the binding cleft. This study investigates the reduction in adhesiveness and in proteolytic activity after treating P. gingivalis with the tyrosine- and asparagine-targeting enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and asparaginase (ASG). Cysteine protease activity was reduced by pretreatment with both enzymes, while the trypsin-like activity was affected only by PPO. Adhesion to buccal epithelial cells, laminin and fibronectin as well as hemagglutination was reduced by one or both of the enzymes. PPO, but not ASG, reduced the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with Actinomyces naeslundii. Treatment with these enzymes might provide an alternative to traditional antimicrobial strategies.
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PMID:Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis are modified by polyphenol oxidase and asparaginase. 1293 May 24

Tyrosinase (monophenol, L-DOPA:oxygen oxidoreductase) was isolated from the ink of the squid, Illex argentinus. Squid tyrosinase, termed ST94, was found to occur as a covalently linked homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 140.2 kDa containing two copper atoms per a subunit. The tyrosinase activity of ST94 was enhanced by proteolysis with trypsin to form a protein, termed ST94t, with a molecular mass of 127.6 kDa. The amino acid sequence of the subunit was deduced from N-terminal amino acid sequencing and cDNA cloning, indicating that the subunit of ST94 is synthesized as a premature protein with 625 amino acid residues and an 18-residue signal sequence region is eliminated to form the mature subunit comprised of 607 amino acid residues with a deduced molecular mass of 68,993 Da. ST94 was revealed to contain two putative copper-binding sites per a subunit, that showed sequence similarities with those of hemocyanins from mollusks, tyrosinases from microorganisms and vertebrates and the hypothetical tyrosinase-related protein of Caenorhabditis elegans. The squid tyrosinase was shown to catalyze the oxidation of monophenols as well as o-diphenols and to exhibit temperature-dependency of o-diphenolase activity like a psychrophilic enzyme.
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PMID:Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of tyrosinase from the cephalopod mollusk, Illex argentinus. 1451 85

In order to functionally analyze the predicted defensive role of leaf polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1) in Populus, transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) plants overexpressing a hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) PtdPPO1 gene were constructed. Regenerated transgenic plants showed high PPO enzyme activity, PtdPPO1 mRNA levels and PPO protein accumulation. In leaf disk bioassays, forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) larvae feeding on PPO-overexpressing transgenics experienced significantly higher mortality and reduced average weight gain compared to larvae feeding on control leaves. However, this effect was observed only when older egg masses were used and the resulting larvae showed reduced growth and vigor. In choice tests, no effect of PPO overexpression was detected. Although PPO in poplar leaves is latent and requires activation with detergents or trypsin for full enzymatic activity, in caterpillar frass the enzyme was extracted in the fully activated form. This activation correlated with partial proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that PPO latency and activation during digestion could be an adaptive and defense-related feature of poplar PPO.
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PMID:Polyphenol oxidase overexpression in transgenic Populus enhances resistance to herbivory by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). 1530 34

Polyphenol oxidase of leaves is located mainly in chloroplasts isolated by differential or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This activity is part of the lamellar structure that is not lost on repeated washing of the plastids. The oxidase activity was stable during prolonged storage of the particles at 4 C or -18 C. The Km (dihydroxyphenylalanine) for spinach leaf polyphenol oxidase was 7 mm by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 mm by the manometric assay. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the leaf peroxisomal fraction, after isopycnic centrifugation on a linear sucrose gradient, did not coincide with the peroxisomal enzymes but was attributed to proplastids at nearly the same specific density.Plants were grouped by the latency properties for polyphenol oxidase in their isolated chloroplasts. In a group including spinach, Swiss chard, and beet leaves the plastids immediately after preparation from fresh leaves required a small amount of light for maximal rates of oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the dark or light increased many fold during aging of these chloroplasts for 1 to 5 days. Soluble polyphenol oxidase of the cytoplasm was not so stimulated. Chloroplasts prepared from stored leaves were also much more active than from fresh leaves. Maximum rates of dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation were 2 to 6 mmoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Equal stimulation of latent polyphenol oxidase in fresh or aged chloroplasts in this group was obtained by either light, an aged trypsin digest, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, or antimycin A. A variety of other treatments did not activate or had little effect on the oxidase, including various peptides, salts, detergents, and other proteolytic enzymes.Activation of latent polyphenol oxidase in spinach chloroplasts by trypsin amounted to as much as 30-fold. The trypsin activation occurred even after the trypsin had been treated with 10% trichloroacetic acid, 1.0 n HCl or boiled for 30 minutes. No single peptide from the digested trypsin was found to be the sole activating factor. About 0.25 mug of trypsin activated 50% the polyphenol oxidase activity in a standard chloroplast assay containing 2.1 mug of chlorophyll. Treatment of spinach chloroplasts with tris buffer or ethylenediamine tetraacetate extracted the ATPase activity, but the polyphenol oxidase activity remained with the broken plastids. However these treatments increased the latent polyphenol oxidase activity 50- to 100-fold.Chloroplasts from a second group of plants, including alfalfa, wheat, oats, peas, and sugarcane leaves, oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine at a rate of 11 to 120 mumoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Polyphenol oxidase in these chloroplasts required a low intensity of red light for activity. Fifty or 75% activation of the oxidase in wheat chloroplasts required 4 to 6 foot candles of light and more light was required for alfalfa chloroplasts. Blue or far red light were ineffective. Trypsin was inhibitory. Upon aging chloroplasts from wheat leaves, but not alfalfa or peas, for 5 to 7 days at 4 C the total polyphenol oxidase activity did not increase, but the activation characteristics changed to those of chloroplasts from the spinach group. Chloroplasts from a third group of plants, including bean, tomato, and corn leaves, slowly oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine in the dark and exhibited no latency.
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PMID:Activation of polyphenol oxidase of chloroplasts. 1665 8

We describe a modified method for establishing long-term pure cultures of amelanotic melanocytes (AMMC) derived from human hair follicles. Normal human corpse scalp (just after death, 1 h) was transected 1 mm below the epidermis, and hair follicles in the remaining dermis were isolated by a two-step enzyme treatment. Hair follicle cell suspensions were prepared by 0.50% trypsin treatment for 30 min and cultured in an optimized melanoblast proliferation nature mitogen medium. Cells attached to the substratum were mostly amelanotic melanocytic in character with small, bipolar shapes in the early stage; only a few keratinocytes and rare fibroblasts were observed. Keratinocytes were easily removed by differential trypsinization. After the third passage, the proliferating cells were all amelanotic melanocytes as confirmed by immunostaining with polyclonal antibodies to alphaPEP7h, which recognized the tyrosinase protein located on melanosomes and NKI/beteb, which is a pre-melanosomal antigen against synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxyl termini of human melanosomal protein GP100. Cultured AMMC were highly positive to L-dopa reactivity after the addition of IBMX to the culture medium for 7 days. Many stage I and II melanosomes and occasional stage III melanosomes without stage IV melanosomes were found in the cytoplasm by transmission electron microscope. This modified technique is potentially more suitable for cultivating amelanotic melanocytes. The availability of pure cultures of hair-follicle amelanotic melanocytes will facilitate investigations of the roles of those cells in migration and differentiation during treatment of vitiligo.
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PMID:A modified method for purifying amelanotic melanocytes from human hair follicles. 1667 86


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