Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In women employed in an industrial plant in direct contact with epoxide resins and their hardeners, the following biochemical parameters were determined in blood: total protein, seromucoid, haptoglobin, hemoglobin variants, methemoglobin, alpha1-inhibitor of trypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline and acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucylaminopeptidase, and alanine aminopeptidase. Depending on duration of work, Hb A2 fraction and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly, and aspartate aminotransferase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities decreased. In pregnant women, leucylaminopeptidase activity and isozyme of placental alkaline phosphatase were decreased.
...
PMID:Evaluation of the influence of epoxide resins and their hardeners on the female body. II. Biochemical studies. 101 94

In order to elucidate the physiological function of extrahepatic bile duct cells, we isolated epithelial cells from the rat extrahepatic bile duct by digesting resected segments of the extrahepatic bile duct with 0.15% trypsin in ice-cold Ca(2+)-free Hanks' balanced salt solution supplemented with 0.25 mM EDTA overnight. As a result, the epithelial cells were collected as aggregates and attached to culture dishes coated with type I collagen. Approximately 95% of the cells cultured for 24 hrs were found to be positive for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and cytokeratin-19, but negative for vimentin. These characteristics were identical to the features of rat extrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in situ. Ultrastructurally, the cells were long and columnar in configuration on the 2nd day in culture, and possessed numerous microvilli at the apical surface and well-developed junctional complexes at the lateral surface. These findings also indicate that the cells maintain an epithelial nature and are morphologically polarized. When the cells were exposed to a low dose of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the 2nd day in culture, which was followed by fixation and treatment with 3-3'-diaminobenzidine, HRP was found preferentially in the cytoplasmic vesicles near the apical surface. HRP was then observed in the intercellular spaces; however, the electron-dense tracer, ruthenium red, did not permeate into the intercellular spaces, and HRP was found in neither cytoplasms nor intercellular spaces when the cells were incubated in HRP-containing medium at 4 degrees C for 30 min. These results suggest that the extrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells are involved in the reabsorption of bile constituents.
...
PMID:Evidence for fluid-phase pinocytosis of extrahepatic bile duct cells isolated from normal rats in culture. 158 69

We describe the successful isolation and maintenance of primary cultures of dog gallbladder epithelial cells. The surgically removed gallbladder was treated with trypsin/EDTA for 45 minutes and epithelial cells were collected and resuspended in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal calf serum, and plated on Vitrogen-coated culture dishes. Each gallbladder yielded approximately 12 to 15 x 10(6) columnar epithelial cells, greater than 95% of which were viable by trypan blue exclusion. In culture, cells maintained their polarity. They were arranged and grew in small and tight clusters that coalesced at confluency. When examined using transmission electron microscopy, prominent and numerous microville were identified on the apical portion of the plasma membrane. Cells were connected by well-formed desmosomes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed clusters of polyhedral cells with numerous papillary projections. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated uniform staining of cells to keratin 35BH11 and AE1. Histochemical studies were positive for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and negative for glucose-6-phosphatase and albumin. Cells incorporated [3H]uridine into intracellular proteins and [14C]glucosamine into tissue and secreted mucous glycoproteins linearly over 2 to 24 hours. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated a consistent and reproducible number of cells (10 to 12%) at S-phase. However, the number of cells at S-phase was dramatically reduced to almost negligible as cells reached confluency. This method of culturing primary dog gallbladder epithelial cells is highly reproducible and reliable. These cells preserve their state of differentiation, polarity, histochemical and immunohistochemical profile, morphologic, and metabolic integrity with repeated passaging or after being frozen. [3H]Thymidine uptake is well maintained, although doubling time shows a trend of decreased cell duplication with time. This technique offers the opportunity to study the electrophysiologic, metabolic, and immunologic properties of epithelial cells.
...
PMID:Long-term culture and partial characterization of dog gallbladder epithelial cells. 170 26

Oval cells emerging in rat liver at the early period of 3-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene treatment constitute a mixed epithelial cell compartment with respect to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and cytokeratin differential expression, and include a subpopulation which exhibits a phenotype intermediate between ductular cells and hepatocytes (Germain et al., Cancer Res., 45:673-681, 1985). In the present study we have examined the developmental potential of ductular oval cells in primary culture and after in vivo transfer. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against cytokeratins of Mr 39,000 (CK39), 52,000 (CK52), and 55,000 (CK55) and vimentin, and also monoclonal antibodies against exposed surface components of oval cells (BDS7) and normal hepatocytes (HES6) allowed us to establish the ductular phenotype of the oval cells. A highly enriched preparation of oval cells was obtained by perfusion/digestion of the liver with collagenase, treatment of the cell suspension with trypsin and DNase, selective removal of hepatocytes by panning using the anti-HES6 antibody, and cell separation by isopyknic centrifugation in a Percoll gradient. The procedure yielded about 8 x 10(7) cells, of which 95% expressed CK39, CK52, and BDS7, 84% gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and 5% albumin and AFP. The primary response of cultured oval cells to various combinations of growth and differentiation promoting factors was evaluated with respect to their capacity to initiate DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]thymidine labeling from day 1 to 3, and/or to produce albumin and AFP and express tyrosine aminotransferase. Culture in the presence of either serum or clot blood extract resulted in a low proliferative activity with less than 5% of the nuclei being labeled. Over a 5-day period, fusion of a large portion of the oval cells led to multinucleated cells. When the cells were cultured in the presence of an elaborate combination of supplements [minimum essential medium containing 1 mM pyruvate, 0.2 mM aspartate, 0.2 mM serine, 1 mM tyrosine, 1 mM proline, 1 mM phenylalanine and supplemented with 20% clot blood extract, 10 ng/ml oxidized bile acids, 17 microM bilirubin, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin, 1 microM dexamethasone, 2.5 micrograms/ml insulin, 50 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, and 5 micrograms/ml transferrin (medium MX)], the labeling index increased to around 30% and the level of cell fusion greatly decreased. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide further enhanced the initiation of DNA synthesis, while sodium butyrate acted as an inhibitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
...
PMID:Promotion of growth and differentiation of rat ductular oval cells in primary culture. 244 46

Two different types of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) were extracted from human pancreas by protease treatments such as bromelain. Furthermore, human pancreatic gamma-GTP, extracted with trypsin, was separated into two different components by additional treatment with bromelain. One component displayed fast electrophoretic mobility during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an apparent affinity for an anion-exchange column, while the other showed slow electrophoretic mobility and passed through the anion-exchange column with starting buffer. In addition, the percentage affinity to concanavalin A (Con A) of the former was 52.2% and of the latter only 7.2%. On heat stability, the former was more sensitive than the latter at 56 degrees C. These results indicate the existence of two types of gamma-GTP in human pancreas.
...
PMID:Two types of human pancreatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. 285 33

Benzoyl- and isopentenoyl phosphoric triamides (BPA and IPA) strongly inhibited urease activities from jack bean, soybean, watermelon seed, Proteus mirabilis, P. rettgeri, P. vulgaris, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Their I50 values (the final concentration causing 50% inhibition), independent of enzyme source, were 2-21 nM, which are about 1,000-fold lower than that of caprylohydroxamic acid, one of the most potent urease inhibitors. ATP-urea amidolyase activity was inhibited 50% by BPA at a higher concentration of 0.28 mM, but was not affected by IPA even at 1.3 mM. Thirteen kinds of hydrolases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, leucine aminopeptidase, papain, lipase, alpha-amylase, glucuronidase, asparaginase, arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and true cholinesterase), two oxidoreductases (catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase), three transferases (glutamic-oxaloacetic aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and arylsulfotransferase) and two kinases (pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase) were not affected at all even at 1 mM BPA and IPA. Exceptionally, pseudo-cholinesterase from human serum was inhibited by BPA and IPA, whose I50 values were 70 nM and 10 muM, respectively, using acetylthiocholine as a substrate. These values increased to 0.55 muM and 54 muM, respectively, when acetylcholine was used as a substrate. These results show that N-acylphosphoric triamides potently and specifically inhibit urease activity at concentrations of nM order.
...
PMID:Specific inhibition of urease by N-acylphosphoric triamides. 384 42

Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a choline-deficient diet containing 0.05% ethionine. After 10-13 weeks, livers were dispersed with collagenase, lysozyme, collagenase and hyaluronidase. Pronase, or a selected batch of trypsin. The highest yield of cells with histochemically demonstrable gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was obtained with trypsin. After velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium, two modal populations of cells with histochemically demonstrable GGT were observed. The first mode contained cells that were morphologically different from hepatocytes and that may be oval cells. The second, more rapidly sedimenting modal population of cells with GGT was morphologically similar to hepatocytes as assessed with Wright's stain; the location of this population in the gradient was the same as the location of cells with the appearance of hepatocytes that lacked iron and that had decreased glucose 6-phosphatase. In multiple experiments, the purest fractions contained 71.7 +/- 3.5% cells (mean +/- SD) with the appearance of hepatocytes with histochemically demonstrable GGT.
...
PMID:Separation of two populations of cells with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from carcinogen-treated rat liver. 611 83

The Sertoli cell is thought to play a significant role in the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis within the rat testis. Little, however, is known about Sertoli cell function in man, largely because of the difficulties associated with the isolation of pure cell populations from human tissue. We have now developed a rapid and reproducible technique for establishing a human Sertoli cell monolayer culture. This has involved mechanical separation of the tissue, sequential trypsin and collagenase enzyme digestion, and final disruption of tubules by passage through a wire mesh grid. Using this technique, primary cultures can be maintained for up to 45 days. Ultrastructural studies of these cells have demonstrated the presence of the perinucleolar spheres, cell to cell junctional complexes, abundant lipid droplets, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, all characteristic of Sertoli cells. Furthermore, biochemical markers of animal Sertoli cells, androgen-binding protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, have also been identified in these human cells. Concentrated media electrophoresed on nondenaturing gels containing 2 nM [3H]dihydrotestosterone produced a single peak of bound activity which coelectrophoresed with rat androgen-binding protein. This binding activity persisted despite media changes, thus ruling out contamination by serum binding proteins; fresh media lacked demonstrable binding activity. Using a colorimetric assay, these cells were also found to contain significant gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity compared to human foreskin fibroblasts and Leydig cells. Enzyme activity increased in a characteristic dose-response fashion in the presence of FSH (0.05-0.5 microgram/ml) and dibutyryl cAMP (0.1-1 microgram/ml), but not with LH or testosterone. These data offer the first demonstration of human Sertoli cells in monolayer culture and their production of a marker specifically regulated by FSH.
...
PMID:Characterization of human Sertoli cells in vitro. 612 20

To elucidate the injurious effects of alcohol on the human pancreas, serum pancreatic enzymes were followed for the first 2 months of abstinence in 31 asymptomatic alcoholics. Sequential declines of serum enzymes were observed in immunoreactive human pancreatic elastase 1 and trypsin (IRE and IRT) as well as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) during the abstinence. The incidence of abnormally high enzyme activities found initially changed by the end of 2 months of abstinence as follows: from 55 to 6% for IRE, from 25 to 0% for IRT, from 3 to 6% for amylase, from 76 to 22% for gamma-GTP, from 69 to 39% for CPK, from 55 to 12% for GOT, and from 38 to 12% for GPT, respectively. The decline suggests that excessive intake of alcohol enhances the escape of the enzymes from the pancreas into the serum, probably altering membrane permeability or cellular metabolism of the pancreas, a direct toxic effect of alcohol.
...
PMID:Changes in serum pancreatic enzymes during 2 months' abstinence in asymptomatic chronic alcoholics. 618 Jun 32

Pancreatic amylase, elastase 1, elastase 2, cationic trypsin, chymotrypsin, ribonuclease (RNase), phospholipase A2, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) were purified and characterized from human pancreatic juice and pancreatic tissue. During the purification of these enzymes, two enzymes previously not reported were found. A pancreatic deamidase and a renal endopeptidase were purified and characterized. Specific and reliable radioimmunoassays (RIAs) were developed for all pancreatic enzymes and inhibitor. The purpose of immunoassay for pancreatic enzymes and inhibitor was discussed, and clinical application for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases was demonstrated. Messenger RNA (mRNA) of amylase was isolated from human pancreas and parotid gland, and used to prepare a complementary DNA (cDNA). The nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of these clones were now being determined. The application of the present investigation to elucidation of pathogenesis of pancreatic enzyme-producing diseases was discussed.
...
PMID:[Purification and development of immunoassay of pancreatic enzymes and trypsin inhibitor, and their application to elucidation of pathogenesis of various pancreatic and pancreatic enzyme-producing diseases]. 620 25


1 2 Next >>

---