Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of Candida albicans IFO 1385 to adhere to acrylic and the partial characterization of an adhesive substance, named AS, which was isolated from the yeast, were studied in vitro. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The cells cultured in the synthetic media (YNB) containing 500 mM galactose showed a much greater tendency to adhere than did those cells cultured in the YNB containing 500 mM glucose. 2. More cells prepared by the standing cultivation adhered to acrylic than did those prepared by the stirring cultivation. 3. A large number of the adherent cells was obtained when the acrylic plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 90 min in the cell suspension at a concentration of 1.0 x 10(7) cells/ml. The plates were observed without staining. 4. AS was isolated from the surface of C. albicans, grown on different carbon sources (50 mM glucose, 500 mM glucose and 500 mM galactose), by treatment with ultrasonication. 5. Three different kinds of AS isolated from the three carbon sources were slightly soluble in distilled water. All were similar in composition to each other, and contained 62-68% carbohydrate (as glucose) and 23-26% protein (as BSA). 6. Silica particles adhered to acrylic coated with AS and pretreatment of acrylic with AS promoted C. albicans adhesion. However, similar pretreatment inhibited subsequent Candida glabrata and Candida krusei adhesion. As to subsequent adhesion of Candida tropicalis, no significant data were obtained. 7. Adhesion assay using the silica particles, the adhesive ability of the AS was significantly reduced by treatment with trypsin or pronase E, but not with papain, alpha-amylase, dextranase or zymolyase.
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PMID:[Adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic surfaces]. 248 1

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a single, intratracheal instillation of 30 mg Min-U-Sil silica in sterile saline and were sacrificed 3, 7, or 14 days following instillation. Control animals were instilled with sterile saline only. Silica instillation produced an inflammatory reaction followed by histological changes characteristic of lung fibrosis. Thickened alveolar septa associated with inflammatory cells transforming into large multifocal fibrotic nodules were detected in silica-exposed animals. Increased numbers of bronchoalveolar cells (principally macrophages), elevated levels of protein (principally serum albumin), and lysozyme, proteolytic (trypsin-like), and myeloperoxidase activities were detected in lavage fluids obtained from animals instilled with silica. These factors (except for lysozyme activity) were elevated above control levels from 3 to 7 days postinstillation and declined to near control levels by Day 14. The rate of DNA, collagen, and noncollagen protein synthesis was significantly elevated in lung tissue minces from silica-treated rats 3 and 7 days after instillation. Elevated levels of total protein, and lung collagen in particular, were observed 9 weeks after insult. Lavage fluid from silica-instilled rats stimulates DNA synthesis in cultures of proliferating and quiescent rat lung fibroblasts. Lavage fluid from silica-instilled rats also stimulates lung fibroblasts to increase collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis.
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PMID:Regulation of lung fibroblast proliferation and protein synthesis by bronchiolar lavage in experimental silicosis. 301 63

Silica beads were modified with alkylamino groups of different lengths (C2, C4, C6, C8, and C10) and hydrophobicity. The relationship between surface structure and adsorption of chymotrypsinogen followed by its activation with trypsin at the solid-liquid interface was studied. From the adsorption isotherms, it follows that underivatized silica adsorbed chymotrypsinogen (CTG) well. The adsorption of CTG on alkylamino modified silicas appeared to correlate with the hydrophobicity of the latter. The longer the alkyl chains were, the higher was the amount of adsorbed CTG. The activation of adsorbed CTG with trypsin at the solid-liquid interface was a slower process when compared with the activation conducted in solution. Parallel experiments were performed with chymotrypsin (CT). The adsorption behavior was similar to that of CTG. The activity of adsorbed CT was inversely proportional to the hydrophobicity of the beads. These results correlated well with the desorption of CT after repeated washings. Repeated addition of substrate (Gly-Gly-Phe-NAp) to the CT covered beads resulted in the CT desorption. The higher the hydrophobicity of the beads was, the lower was the desorption of CT.
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PMID:Adsorption and activation of zymogens at solid-liquid interfaces. I. Chymotrypsinogen on alkylamino modified silica derivatives. 820 38

We developed a biocomposite material containing silica ceramic. The sol-gel technology in which ceramic materials are polymerized from liquid solutions at room temperature and physiologic pH can be used to produce ceramics that have a determined pore size and that contain living organisms or cells. Capsules were stable to extreme acid and base conditions as well as to trypsin in vitro for 6 months. We used insulin-secreting murine islet cells as the first mammalian material for encapsulation. Two approaches to generating successful encapsulation of islets were used: drop-tower sphere generation and emulsion. Sphere diameters of less than 1 mm were associated with positive insulin secretory capacity as documented by a static batch incubation technique. Average pore sizes were 161 A for drop-tower spheres and 105 A for emulsion spheres. Capsules allowed the passage of insulin and cytokines but not the passage of antibody. Implantation of encapsulated islets did not result in fibrosis of the capsule in vivo, and retrieval of capsules after 1 month in vivo documented continued insulin secretory capacity. Further in vivo experiments documented increased survival of transplant recipients despite failure to achieve normoglycemia in all but a few cases. Silica sol-gel encapsulation provides a potentially useful alternative for encapsulation of cells for transplantation or drug delivery, and further work is warranted to develop this potentially useful approach for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Silica sol-gel encapsulation of pancreatic islets. 971 81

A verified mechanism of adsorption-immobilized enzymatic reactor for enhanced proteolysis is presented. Silica microbeads coated with poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) or poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were used to trap trypsin and proteins on the surface through electrostatic interactions in order to improve digestion efficiency. Charge states measured by zeta-potentials showed their positively and negatively charged respectively. We found that high proteolytic efficiency could be achieved only if both proteases and proteins were adsorbed by materials. Once the proteins and proteases were confined together in a nanoscopic area, the enrichment of the substrate could lead to a high performance proteolytic effect. Electrostatic interactions were considered as the predominant adsorption factor rather than hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. In less than 5 min, in the presence of PSS-coated silica beads, 10 peptides digested from positively-charged cytochrome C were detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), with the high sequence coverage up to 63%, while using PDDA-coated silica beads or conventional in-solution digestion yielded only 5 detectable peptides and 39% sequence coverage was obtained. Ovalbumin seemed incompatible with any kind of charged-material-aided tryptic digestion. The mechanism of adsorption-immobilized enzymatic processes has also been studied in detail. The adsorption equilibrium was proven to be attained in less than one minute, and the proteolytic procedure was regarded as the rate-determining step. This study provides a reasonable mechanism for an adsorption-material catalyzed proteolytic procedure and a promising guideline for designing the next generation of high-performance enzymatic reactors.
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PMID:Mechanism exploration of adsorption-immobilized enzymatic reactor using polymer-coated silica microbeads. 2361 82

While silica particles are used extensively in food products, different grades and temperature variants of silica particles have not been compared for their physiochemical and biological properties. Different grades of silica (food-grade nanoparticles (FG-NPs), nonfood-grade nanoparticles (NFG-NPs), and food-grade micron particles (FG-MPs)) and the temperature variants generated by exposing FG-NPs to wet heating, dry heating, and refrigeration were compared for their physicochemical properties and interaction with trypsin. FG-NPs were similar to NFG-NPs and FG-MPs in their elemental composition and amorphous nature but had relatively less branched and ring siloxane groups than the latter ones. There were subtle but noticeable changes in the agglomeration behavior and relative abundance of different silica groups in FG-NPs exposed to food-handling temperatures. Secondary structure and function of trypsin were negatively impacted by FG-NPs and their temperature variants. Silica particles showed a "mixed-type inhibition" of trypsin resulting in partial digestion of bovine serum albumin. In conclusion, our studies showed differences in the surface chemistry of different grades of silica particles and temperature variants of FG-NPs and their negative impact on the structure and function of trypsin.
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PMID:A Comparative Analysis of Different Grades of Silica Particles and Temperature Variants of Food-Grade Silica Nanoparticles for Their Physicochemical Properties and Effect on Trypsin. 3161 15