Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Extracts from embryonic and uterine tissue of mice, operationally defined as colony stimulating factor (CSF), promoted the growth of macrophage-granulocyte colonies in vitro. Uterine CSF focusses from pH 5.15 to 6.00 and embryonic CSF from pH 3.60 to 5.20, although both forms have similar biological activity. CSF is relatively resistant to denaturation but it is inactivated by periodate and dithiothreitol. Gel filtration indicates a molecular weight of 45,000 which is unchanged following treatment with insolubilized trypsin, a procedure which affords a useful purification (240-fold). Trypsin-sensitive material in CSF preparations modifies colonial form under certain conditions of culture, probably by increasing the motility of macrophages. Diaminoethane derivatives of CSF were prepared and retained biological activity at isoelectric points above pH 9.0. These derivatives may be covalently linked to Sepharose providing an insolubilized form of CSF to study interactions of CSF with the cell surface.
...
PMID:Macrophage colony development: properties of colony stimulating factors from murine embryo and pregnant uterus. 2 41

Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) active on both human and murine bone marrow colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) were found in the conditioned medium of Yoshida sarcoma cells (line YSSF-212T), although the cells originated from rats. The CSF were inactivated by digestion with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and pronase. By chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, the CSF were separated into five subgroups with different capacities to stimulate mouse granulocyte and macrophage progenitors. CSF in these five peaks were eluted from an Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration column with apparent molecular weights of 22,000-25,000 daltons. CSF of nonhuman origin stimulating human CFU-C would be useful in hematologic studies of bone marrow cells.
...
PMID:Colony-stimulating factors active on human bone marrow cells from a Yoshida sarcoma cell line. 30 93

Several human granulocyte proteinases sensitive to the thermo- and acid-resistant proteinase inhibitor from rabbit serum (TASPI) were revealed, using TASPI-Sepharose 4B. It was found that TASPI inhibits the following human granulocyte proteinases: granules-localized kininogenase and chymotrypsin-like kininase (serine proteinases), elastase-like proteinase and benzoyl arginine ethyl ester esterase, as well as chymotrypsin-like kininase from the post-granule supernatant. These enzymes were compared to known granulocyte proteinases. Some carboxylic kininogenase sensitive to TASPI was identified in the granulocyte membrane debris fraction. The capability to inhibit neutral kininogenase suggests that TASPI is a first natural proteinase inhibitor, which can differentiate granulocyte and blood plasma kininogenases. Using trypsin-Sepharose 4B in the granulocyte post-granule supernatant, the acid-resistant trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor was identified. The data obtained are indicative of an antiinflammatory function of TASPI in mammals.
...
PMID:[Inhibition of human granulocyte proteinases by a heat and acid-stable proteinase inhibitor from rabbit serum]. 43 77

Adherence of granulocytes to tissue culture monolayers of endothelium averaged 26.2 +/- 1.3% SEM, which was similar to their adherence on 50-mg nylon fiber columns (27.7 +/- 3.6%). In contrast, adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, kidney cells, and plastic Petri dishes without monolayers was only 12.4, 9.9, 11.1, and 4.3%, respectively. Cyclic nucleotides and adherence-modifying plasma factors induced changes of adherence to endothelium similar to those in nylon fiber columns. Adherence of granulocytes in whole blood was the same as for purified granulocytes in Hank's balanced salt solution. Exposure of endothelial monolayers to 0.18% trypsin for 10 min reduced subsequent granulocyte adherence to 25.2% of control values. Incubation of trypsin-treated monolayers with nutrient medium for 4 h did not improve adherence, but values returned to normal or above by 24 h, with or without serum proteins present in the nutrient medium. The similarity of granulocyte adherence to nylon fiber and to endothelial monolayers in vitro suggests that results with the nylon fiber assay reflect in vivo granulocyte-endothelium interaction. Furthermore, the endothelial monolayer offers a new model for studying this cell-cell relationship in vitro.
...
PMID:Comparative adherence of granulocytes to endothelial monolayers and nylon fiber. 64 Nov 48

Recently we reported that rapid killing of Escherichia coli by granulocytes or granulocyte fractions is accompanied by an equally rapid and discrete increase in permeability of the microbial envelope (Beckerdite, Mooney, Weiss, Franson, and Elsbach. 1974. J. Exp. Med. 140: 396-409). Most of this permeability-increasing activity (PI) is found in a crude granule preparation. PI is quantitatively recovered in a 23,000-g supernatant fraction (Sup II) after sulfuric acid extraction of granulocyte homogenates prepared in water. PI is nondialyzable, destroyed by pronase and trypsin, stable at 4degreesC for at least 2 mo, and destroyed by heating at 94degreesC. Anionic substances, such as heparin sulfate and isolated E. coli lipopolysaccharide, bind to and inhibit PI. PI has been purified up to 1,000-fold from homogenate in a yield of 50percent by acid extraction and carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography. Such purified fractions have bactericidal activity that equals that of disrupted granulocytes and Sup II, are similarly enriched with respect to granule-associated phospholipase, and protease activities. Whereas E. coli, sensitive to PI, binds or inactivates solubilized PI, a resistant strain of Serratia marcescens does not. Binding of PI to sensitive microorganisms seems to be necessary for expression of its biological activity since both the apparent binding to and the biological effect of PI on E. coli are completely blocked by 10-20 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+. Mg2+ or Ca2+ can reverse the effect on E. coli permeability produced by Sup II or the carboxymethyl-Sephadex fraction but not that produced by granulocyte homogenate. The close association of bactericidal, phospholipase A2, and permeability-increasing activities towards several gram-negative bacterial species suggests that they may be related.
...
PMID:Partial characterization and purification of a rabbit granulocyte factor that increases permeability of Escherichia coli. 108 9

Immunocompetent cells of the epidermis can interact by the elaboration and recognition of cytokines. Although much new information has been reported concerning the cytokines secreted by keratinocytes, little is known about cytokines derived from Langerhans cells (LC). To address this deficiency, we examined cytokine mRNA profiles in different epidermal preparations from BALB/c mice, taking advantage of the sensitive technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), after reverse transcription of mRNA. In assays of epidermal sheets separated from dermis by ammonium thiocyanate, mRNA for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-7, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), TNF beta, granulocyte macrophage/colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) were unequivocally present. By contrast, faint bands were detected for IL-4, IL-5, and interferon gamma (IFN gamma), and no PCR signal was detected for IL-2. Importantly, assays of epidermal cells (EC) dissociated with trypsin revealed similar mRNA profiles. To determine the effects of cell isolation, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-purified Ia- EC were first analyzed; all of the previously cited cytokine mRNA were present except for IL-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha. EC depleted of LC by a second technique, lysis using anti-Ia monoclonal antibody and complement, revealed similar profiles, with substantially reduced PCR signals for IL-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha. Finally, FACS-purified LC (Ia+ EC) clearly expressed IL-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha mRNA, a finding that was verified by Southern blotting using internal oligo probes. We conclude that these cell-isolation procedures did not produce substantial alterations in basal mRNA profiles and that LC are the principal source of mRNA for IL-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha among unstimulated EC in mice.
...
PMID:Langerhans cells are the major source of mRNA for IL-1 beta and MIP-1 alpha among unstimulated mouse epidermal cells. 138 44

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of a deficit in protease inhibitor (AT) induced by intravenously administered trypsin on the development of elastase-induced emphysema. Rats receiving a perfusion of trypsin (4.5 mg/kg body wt) intravenously (TIV rats) or one instillation of elastase (92 IU/subject) into the trachea (ELAS rats) were compared with rats receiving both trypsin and elastase (TIVELAS rats). Compared with 8 sham-injected rats, the serum AT activity of 14 TIV rats decreased slightly (5.5%) 150 min after the beginning of the perfusion. In six other TIV rats sacrificed early after the perfusion, a granulocyte sequestration with edema and vascular thrombi demonstrated early lung injury. Anatomical studies of lung and determination of the mean linear intercept (MLI) were carried out 56 days after the administration of the enzymes. Emphysema was confirmed by a significant (P less than .001) MLI increase (about 150 microns) in 22/24 TIV, 20/21 ELAS, and 21/21 TIVELAS rats in comparison with 40 control rats (78 microns). These similar results of the treated rats show that trypsin did not worsen elastase-induced emphysema and also indicate that trypsin given intravenously alone induces emphysema as does elastase when introduced into the airways. The AT activity decrease consequent to proteolysis by trypsin and pulmonary leucostasis may contribute to this trypsin-triggered emphysema.
...
PMID:Experimental emphysema following one intravenous infusion of trypsin. 157 24

The effects of lamina propria mononuclear cell culture supernatant on epithelial cell DNA synthesis were studied using cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and normal controls. Supernatants from resting and phytohaemagglutinin stimulated cells were studied and supernatants that strongly promoted DNA synthesis were pooled, and growth factor activity partially characterised. The effects of recombinant interleukins-1 beta,2,3,interferon-gamma, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor were tested in the same system. Resting lamina propria mononuclear cells produce factors that increase DNA synthesis. Production of these factors is increased by phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. No significant differences were found in production of these factors between patients with inflammatory bowel disease and normal controls. The molecular weight of the active factor(s) lies in the region 31-48 kD. Chromatofocusing produced two peaks of activity, one in the region pk 5.5 and one around pk 6.4. The activity was heat and acid pH labile. Activity was not destroyed, however, by 0.05% trypsin. Recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor was a weak stimulus to epithelial DNA synthesis, interleukin-1 beta was weakly inhibitory but other cytokines tested did not have any effect. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor is probably important in controlling epithelial cell growth.
...
PMID:Production of epithelial cell growth factors by lamina propria mononuclear cells. 174 Feb 74

The central nervous system produces growth factors that stimulate proliferation of ameboid microglia during embryogenesis and after traumatic injury. Two microglial mitogens (MMs) are recovered from the brain of newborn rat. MM1 has an approximate molecular mass of 50 kD and a pI of approximately 6.8; MM2 has a molecular mass of 22 kD and a pI of approximately 5.2. These trypsin-sensitive proteins show specificity of action upon glia in vitro serving as growth factors for ameboid microglia but not astroglia or oligodendroglia. Although the MMs did not stimulate proliferation of blood monocytes or resident peritoneal macrophage, MM1 shows granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating activity when tested upon bone marrow progenitor cells. Microglial mitogens may help to control brain mononuclear phagocytes in vivo. The MMs first appear in the cerebral cortex of rat during early development with peak levels around embryonic day E-20, a period of microglial proliferation. Microglial mitogens are also produced by traumatized brain of adult rats within 2 d after injury. When infused into the cerebral cortex, MM1 and MM2 elicit large numbers of mononuclear phagocytes at the site of injection. In vitro study shows that astroglia from newborn brain secrete MM2. These observations point to the existence of a regulatory system whereby secretion of proteins from brain glia helps to control neighboring inflammatory responses.
...
PMID:Microglial mitogens are produced in the developing and injured mammalian brain. 198 64

We have recently shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes human granulopoiesis, specifically augmenting basophilic cell differentiation observed in methylcellulose hematopoietic colony assays of human peripheral blood. Because the NGF effect was seen in the presence of conditioned medium derived from a human T-cell line (Mo-CM) containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we examined interactions of purified NGF and recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) on granulocyte growth and differentiation. rhGM-CSF stimulated a dose-dependent increase in methylcellulose colony growth at concentrations between 0.1 U/mL and 10 U/mL, and in the presence of NGF at 500 ng/mL this effect was enhanced. The number of basophilic cell colony-forming units (CFU-Baso) and histamine-positive colonies increased synergistically when NGF was added to rhGM-CSF. Furthermore, because Mo-CM acts with sodium butyrate to promote basophilic differentiation of alkaline-passaged myeloid leukemia cells, HL-60, we also examined the interaction of NGF and Mo-CM or rhGM-CSF using this assay. In the presence of NGF, Mo-CM at concentrations of 0.5% to 20% vol/vol, and rhGM-CSF at concentrations of 0.1 U/mL to 100 U/mL synergistically increased histamine production by butyrate-induced, alkaline-passaged HL-60 cells; this was associated with the appearance of metachromatic, tryptase-negative, IgE receptor-positive cells. The effects of rhGM-CSF or Mo-CM were completely abrogated by a specific anti-rhGM-CSF neutralizing antibody in methylcellulose, with or without NGF; the NGF synergy with rhGM-CSF in the HL-60 assay was also inhibited by either anti-rhGM-CSF or anti-NGF antibody. These studies support the notion that differentiation in the basophilic lineage may be enhanced by NGF acting to increase the number of GM-CSF-responsive basophilic cell progenitors.
...
PMID:Synergistic effects of nerve growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human basophilic cell differentiation. 199 3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---