Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) Pak-1 and Pak-2 were established by immunizing Balb/c mice with human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts, previously established in mice. Pak-1 showed a strong positive immunostaining to well- and moderately-differentiated tubular duct cell carcinoma of the pancreas but neither to poorly-differentiated nor to other non-tubular pancreatic carcinomas. Pak-2 showed a wide spectrum of immunostaining to ductal and islet cell carcinomas of the pancreas, revealing less reactivity to well-differentiated tubular duct cell carcinomas than Pak-1. The broad specificity of Pak-2 was similarly observed with extrapancreatic tumor tissues. Neither normal pancreatic tissues nor those with chronic pancreatitis were stained with Pak-1 and Pak-2, whereas the islet cells of normal pancreas were stained by both of them. Western blot analysis revealed that Pak-1 recognized two distinct glycoprotein molecules of ductal adenocarcinoma, 100K dalton molecular weight (MW) and pH6-7 isoelectric points (IP) on two dimensional electrophoresis, and that Pak-2 recognized three glycoprotein molecules, 35K dalton MW and pH7-10 IP. The treatment with periodic acid, neraminidase, trypsin and pronase revealed that antigenic epitopes of Pak-1 and Pak-2 may be composed of complex polysaccharide structure rather than terminal sialic acid residues.
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PMID:Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma-associated antigens defined by novel murine monoclonal antibodies Pak-1 and Pak-2. 216 75

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to measure the response of serum trypsin to intravenous secretin and pancreozymin in 16 subjects with adrenocortical hyperfunction (group I) versus 6 subjects with hypercorticism (group II). In group I the enzyme reaction to the peptides was active and long-term. A similar rise in trypsin level occurred equally in patients free of chronic pancreatitis often present in Itsenko++ -Cushing syndrome. In group II patients RIA trypsin values comply with normal levels. The data obtained suggest an affected pancreatic status in adrenal hyperfunction both in the presence and absence of chronic pancreatitis which minimizes the informative value of the test in identification of chronic pancreatitis in endogenic hypercorticism.
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PMID:[Immunoreactive trypsin in the blood serum of patients with endogenous hypercorticism]. 221 19

The normal pancreas consists of three major cell types or lineages that share a common embryologic origin from pluripotent endodermal precursors. The type of cell that undergoes neoplastic transformation to form a pancreatic carcinoma is controversial and may influence the phenotype and biologic behavior of the tumor. In this study, immunohistologic techniques were used to determine the cell lineage differentiation expressed in 29 primary exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas, five metastatic exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and five islet cell neoplasma. Specimens of normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis were used for comparison. The cell lineage markers consisted of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against trypsin and lipase (acinar cells); secretory component, carbonic anhydrase II, and pancreatic cancer mucin SPan-1 (ductal cells); and chromogranin-A and somatostatin (islet cells). The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and lysozyme were also determined. This collection of markers allowed the differentiation between acinar, ductal, and islet cells of normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis specimens. The expression of cell lineage markers in islet cell tumors was homogeneous and restricted to chromogranin-A. In contrast, the expression of these markers in primary and metastatic exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas was variable. Reactivity with monoclonal anti-CEA was absent in normal pancreas, and was present in 83% of chronic pancreatitis specimens as well as 90% of exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In addition, lysozyme reactivity was absent in normal pancreas; however, lysozyme was expressed in one case of chronic pancreatitis, 17 cases of primary carcinoma, and three cases of metastatic carcinoma. These findings support the concept that the original transformed cell type in many pancreatic exocrine carcinomas resemble endodermal "stem cells" that retain the capability of differentiation along more than one cell lineage pathway.
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PMID:Cell lineage markers in human pancreatic cancer. 222 68

A total of 300 patients with atopic dermatitis were examined for the status of their gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas functioning. Besides clinical and laboratory studies, ultrasonic scanning of the liver and pancreas, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin, C peptide, insulin, cholylglycine, radionuclide hepatography, and gamma pancreatoscintigraphy were carried out. Analysis of the findings permit a conclusion that chronic pancreatitis and impaired function of the liver and bile excretion are quite frequent in atopic dermatitis patients.
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PMID:[Hepatobiliary system function in atopic dermatitis patients]. 228 58

Factors influencing the effectivity of replacement therapy with Panpur and Creon were controlled by in vivo and in vitro investigations. Both enteric coated preparations were equally acid protected, they even seemed to be more effective in hyperacid than in anacid chronic pancreatitis patients. Thus the uneven results of Panpur treatment in pancreatic steatorrhea cannot be explained by acid inactivation of the enzymes. Creon dose-dependently ameliorated the steatorrhea as well as vitamin B12 absorption while crushed but not the intact Panpur has only some insignificant effect. Good mixing of pancreatin with the B12-intrinsic factor - R protein complex and with the protein containing meal seems to be important for digestion of protein as well as fat. Unbound, overflowing trypsin activity of Panpur resulted in fast proteolytic inactivation of lipase. This could be diminished by soybean trypsin inhibitor which increased the in vivo effectiveness of the preparate. In summary Creon fulfilled two important factors of replacement therapy more successfully than Panpur: good mixing with meals and stability of lipase against proteolytic splitting, that is why it proved to be more effective for replacement therapy of pancreatic insufficiency.
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PMID:[Requirements for successful pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (comparative study of Kreon and Panpur)]. 230 64

In patients with pancreatic cancer deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) serum levels were compared with those of other known pancreatic enzymes. Serum deoxyribonuclease I, elastase 1, immunoreactive trypsin, amylase and phospholipase A2 were determined in 40 healthy controls, 28 patients with pancreatic cancer, 49 with chronic pancreatitis and 40 with extra-pancreatic diseases. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference among groups for serum DNase I values. However, none of the 3 groups of patients had a mean deoxyribonuclease I value higher than that of the healthy controls. In pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis patients, increases in the 4 pancreatic enzymes values were found in percentages that were higher than those for DNase I. A significant correlation was found between DNase I and phospholipase A2, but not between DNase I and elastase 1, immunoreactive trypsin and amylase serum activities. The findings indicate that deoxyribonuclease I serum determination is an even less satisfactory index of pancreatic malignancy than the other pancreatic enzymes. Rather than expressing pancreatic damage, any variations in this enzyme appear more likely to reflect an aspecific phenomenon.
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PMID:Deoxyribonuclease I serum activity in pancreatic cancer. 235 55

By means of consecutive pancreatic stimulation, we have investigated the presence of changes of pancreatic function in alcoholic patients, with and without alcoholic liver disease, in order to detect functional alterations and possible association of hepatic and pancreatic disease. The patients were 49 chronic alcoholics (8 patients without liver disease, 11 hepatic steatosis, 9 alcoholic hepatitis and 21 alcoholic cirrhosis) and 15 non alcoholic subjects (8 normal controls and 7 cases of non alcoholic cirrhosis). In all the cases two consecutive stimulations were carried out: first with secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) and second with CCK alone. The total volume and concentration as well as the output of bicarbonate, trypsin, amylase and total proteins were measured in the duodenal juice. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had larger volumes of duodenal juice and lower concentrations of bicarbonate, enzymes and proteins. There was also a tendency to larger volume and lower bicarbonate concentration as the hepatic lesion was more severe. Bicarbonate output was significatively higher in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis but for the remaining parameters the outputs were similar in all the groups. In conclusion, the alterations in pancreatic function parallel the severity of the liver disease. None of the patients had changes consistent with chronic pancreatitis.
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PMID:[Changes in pancreatic secretion in alcoholic liver disease]. 237 59

The diagnostic value of a new enzyme immunoassay for lipase (IRL) was evaluated in controls (n = 65), in acute pancreatitis (n = 11) and in extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia (n = 15) by comparing IRL with serum amylase (TA), pancreatic isoamylase (PA) and lipase (turbidimetrically: TL). IRL and immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) of 60 patients with alcoholic chronic calcified pancreatitis were also studied and correlated with duration of disease and degree of pancreatic insufficiency (based on fecal chymotrypsin test: FCT). IRL was constantly elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis. In extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia IRL was mainly normal, in contrast to PA, which was elevated in 7 patients with macroamylasemia. In 56.7% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis, IRL was pathologically low; in association with advanced insufficiency (FCT less than 20 micrograms/g) this figure was 74%, and after duration of disease of greater than or equal to 15 years 77%. For IRT comparable results were found in 79% and 77% respectively. This new lipase test thus seems to be useful for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, the differential diagnosis of extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia and the detection and monitoring of severe chronic pancreatitis.
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PMID:[Significance of immunoreactive lipase in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases]. 241 82

The most commonly used serum enzymes in pancreatic diseases are total amylase, pancreatic isoamylase, lipase and trypsin. To determine which of these enzymes is the most useful in the diagnosis of clinically quiescent chronic pancreatitis and which enzyme best reflects exocrine functional reserve, we studied 22 healthy control subjects, 44 patients with gastrointestinal, liver and biliary tract diseases, and 25 patients with chronic pancreatitis. On the basis of duodenal intubation, the latter were divided into two subgroups: one group of 13 patients with slight to moderate secretion deficiency and another of 12 patients with severe exocrine insufficiency. Of the enzymes studied, lipase, trypsin and pancreatic isoamylase are equally suitable for the evaluation of function in severe chronic pancreatitis, but not for the early diagnosis of the disease. Results for total amylase are not reliable so that its use in the study of chronic pancreatitis is not advisable.
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PMID:Clinical significance of serum pancreatic enzymes in the quiescent phase of chronic pancreatitis. 241 26

The behavior of trypsin/creatinine clearance ratio (Ctr/Ccr) and serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was evaluated in a total of 168 subjects with pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and non-pancreatic digestive diseases. Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr) and serum amylase levels were also evaluated in order to establish their possible relationship with Ctr/Ccr and IRT values. Elevated Ctr/Ccr and IRT values were observed in several patients with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Abnormal IRT and Ctr/Ccr values were found in 28.2 and 4% of non-pancreatic digestive diseases, respectively. IRT and amylase serum levels showed consensual modifications, while Ctr/Ccr showed a behavior different from that of Cam/Ccr. Liver damage seems to play a role in increasing serum IRT levels of patients without pancreatic involvement, while the increased Ctr/Ccr seems to depend on other factors, for instance renal tubular dysfunction.
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PMID:Trypsin/creatinine clearance ratio and serum immunoreactive trypsin in digestive and pancreatic diseases. 242 20


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