Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Based on a study of the kininogenase activity of the total plasma kallikrein in the presence of 3 concentrations of the soybean inhibitor trypsin (0.5, 1.0, 10.0 micrograms/ml) one can measure at a time the activity of tissue kallikrein (without specifying the source) and the activity of 3 forms of plasma kallikrein, including its adsorption on kaolin that characterizes the conformational structure of the enzyme. Examination of 10 healthy subjects and 136 patients revealed a 10 to 20-fold increase in the content of tissue kallikrein in plasma of 70% of diabetes mellitus patients and a 2.5 to 3-fold elevation in 50% of patients with chronic occupational bronchitis, and in 30% of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis. The method suggested makes it possible to have a better insight into the physiological and pathogenetic role of the kinin system and may be used for laboratory control over the treatment efficacy.
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PMID:[Method for determining kallikrein of tissue origin in blood plasma and its clinical significance]. 384 14

Sensitivity of the Beaudette strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to non-antibody inhibitors in neutralization tests depended on the passage history of the virus. The chick embryo kidney cell-adapted (E71 CEK11) virus was the most sensitive, but after one chick embryo (CE) passage (E71 CEK11 E1), this virus showed reversion to the sensitivity of the parent virus (E71). IBV inhibitors in chicken serum could be removed by treatment with trypsin but not with phospholipase C.
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PMID:Effect of different passage histories of infectious bronchitis virus on the sensitivity to inhibitors in chick serum and their removal by trypsin. 614 98

Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, and Long-Evans outbred rats, and the Fischer344 inbred strain were inoculated intranasally with 10(3) TCID50 of sialodacryoadenitis virus at approximately 9 weeks of age. Paired animals were killed at 2-day intervals post inoculation up to 2 weeks, then at 20 days. A comparison of strain susceptibility to sialodacryoadenitis virus was made using the following criteria: histopathology, immunofluorescent microscopy, serology and serum amylase activity. All four strains were susceptible to sialodacryoadenitis virus. The disease was frequently subclinical, although typical lesions were observed on histopathology. Focal bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonitis were observed histologically during the acute stages of the disease. Immunohistochemistry was performed on trypsin-treated, paraffin-embedded sections, and viral antigen was readily demonstrated in salivary and lacrimal glands during the early stages of the disease. A rise in serum amylase was observed, and it was correlated with the first appearance of lesions in the salivary glands. Based on serology and immunofluorescence microscopy, the appearance of detectable antibody to sialodacryoadenitis virus, and the rate of viral clearance from infected glands, the course of the disease was similar in the four strains studied.
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PMID:Comparison of strain susceptibility to experimental sialodacryoadenitis in rats. 620 17

Ten strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were titrated as plaque-forming units in primary chick embryo fibroblast cells. In the absence of trypsin, plaques were only formed by Beaudette-42 and Iowa-609 strains. When trypsin was incorporated in the overlay medium of cell monolayers, all the IBV strains tested produced plaques within 4 days after inoculation. Incorporation of 20-40 microgram of trypsin per ml of the overlay medium seemed to be suitable for plaque formation of IBV. A preliminary investigation was made of the mode of action of trypsin.
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PMID:Plaque formation by avian infectious bronchitis virus in primary chick embryo fibroblast cells in the presence of trypsin. 627 20

A virus isolated in cell culture from the spleen of a cat with feline infectious peritonitis was identified by physicochemical, morphological and antigenic criteria as a coronavirus. The feline infectious peritonitis virus was compared in vitro with canine coronavirus, a reported enteric pathogen of dogs. The feline isolate was characterized, by chloroform sensitivity and resistance to 5-iododeoxyuridine, respectively, as containing essential lipid and an RNA genome. Other traits of the isolate included resistance to acidic conditions, heat lability, and resistance to trypsin. Electron microscopy showed viral particles with a structure consistent with that of the prototype of the coronavirus group, infectious bronchitis virus. Indirect immunofluorescence with canine coronavirus monospecific antiserum showed the viral isolate to be antigenically related to canine coronavirus. Specific-pathogen-free cats inoculated by various routes with cell-culture-propagated virus had both clinical symptoms and lesions consistent with feline infectious peritonitis.
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PMID:Characterization of a feline infectious peritonitis virus isolate. 746 85

Under an influenza surveillance initiated in Pune, India, 2 or 3 dispensaries and small hospitals where patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD) sought medical assistance were chosen for regular weekly visits to collect a sufficient number of specimens. A case of ARD included individuals with the following conditions: common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. During the period of surveillance of 1978-90, more than 10,000 cases of ARD among various age groups were investigated. The majority of cases were in children and infants. Most of the patients were seen during investigations of 16 outbreaks of influenza. Generally, the cases presented with 2 or 3 symptoms of respiratory disease and 1 or 2 systemic manifestations. Throat and nasal swabs were collected from ARD cases during the acute phase of their illness (1-4 days). Throat/nasal swabs were taken from over 10,000 ARD cases. About 80% of these specimens were cultivated for influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs (9-11 days' old) and about 39% in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell culture (MDCK) with crystalline trypsin. Several variants of influenza virus types A and B were isolated during the 16 outbreaks including these variant strains: A/USSR/77 (H1N1) in 1978; A/Singapore/6/86 (H1N1) in 1986; and B/Yamagata/16/88-like in 1990. A total of 290 influenza virus isolates comprising several variants of influenza type A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) and type B were isolated. The variant strains of influenza type A (H1N1), type A (H3N2), and type B circulated regularly either every year or in alternate years. 181 of 290 of the influenza isolates were from children aged 10 years. Analysis of the isolates showed that 174 were from the rainy months of July, August, and September, and the maximum number of 93 occurred in July. Of the 16 outbreaks of influenza, 10 occurred in the rainy season, 3 in the hot season, 1 in the cool season, and 2 in February and March.
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PMID:Influenza surveillance in Pune, India, 1978-90. 849 Sep 80

Methods to examine sputum for indices of airway inflammation are evolving. We have examined the repeatability and the validity of an improved method to measure sputum cells and fluid-phase eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), albumin, fibrinogen, tryptase, and interleukin-5 (IL-5). Sputum was induced with hypertonic saline twice within 6 d in 10 healthy subjects, 19 stable asthmatics, and 10 smokers with nonobstructive bronchitis. The method included the processing of freshly expectorated sputum separated from saliva, treatment with a fixed proportion of dithiothreitol 0.1% followed by Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, making cytospins, and collecting the supernatant. The reproducibility of measurements, calculated by the intraclass correlation coefficient, was high for all indices measured with the exception of total cell counts and proportion of lymphocytes. Asthmatics, in comparison with healthy subjects and smokers with bronchitis, had a higher proportion of sputum eosinophils (median percent 5.2 versus 0.5 and 0.3), metachromatic cells (0.3 versus 0.07 and 0.08), ECP (1,040 micrograms/L versus 288 and 352), MBP (1,176 micrograms/L versus 304 and 160), and EDN (1,512 micrograms/L versus 448 and 272). Asthmatics differed from healthy subjects, but not from smokers with bronchitis, in the proportion of neutrophils (46.9% versus 24.1%), albumin (704 versus 288 micrograms/mL), and fibrinogen (2,080 versus 440 ng/mL). Smokers with bronchitis showed a trend for a higher neutrophil count and levels of albumin and fibrinogen than healthy subjects. The proportion of sputum eosinophils correlated positively with ECP, MBP, EDN, albumin and fibrinogen levels, and metachromatic cell counts correlated with tryptase. In asthmatics, IL-5 correlated with eosinophil counts. There was a significant negative correlation between sputum indices and expiratory flows and methacholine PC20. Thus, the methods of measuring cell and fluid phase markers in induced sputum used in this study are reproducible and valid. They can therefore be used to reliably measure these indices of airway inflammation.
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PMID:Indices of airway inflammation in induced sputum: reproducibility and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements. 2597 85

Serum antibodies to soft tissue elements, levels of elastase, trypsin, trypsin inhibitor, alpha(2)-macroglobulin were measured to make a differential diagnosis of dust with nonoccupational bronchitis. For dust and nondust bronchitis titers of antibodies to collagen and elastin were different, serum enzymatic activity changed as a result of reduced concentration of trypsin and high elastase in dust bronchitis patients. Using the above results facilitates etiological diagnosis of bronchitis in workers exposed to dust by immunological methods as well as expertise of occupational bronchopulmonary pathology.
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PMID:[Prospects of etiological diagnosis of bronchitis]. 912 Oct 85

Coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) encodes a trypsin-like proteinase (3C-like proteinase) by ORF 1a, which has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in proteolytic processing of gene 1-encoded polyproteins. In our previous studies, the proteinase was identified as a 33-kDa protein in IBV-infected cells, and its catalytic center was shown to consist of H(2820) and C(2922) residues. It is released from the 1a and 1a/1b polyproteins by autoprocessing at two Q-S dipeptide bonds (Q(2779)-S(2780) and Q(3086)-S(3087)). In this report, further characterization of the two cleavage sites demonstrates that the N-terminal Q(2779)-S(2780) site is tolerant to mutations at the P1 position. Deletion of the C-terminal region of the proteinase shows that a significant amount of the enzymatic activity is maintained upon deletion of up to 67 amino acids, suggesting that the extreme C-terminal region may be dispensable for the proteolytic activity of the proteinase. Analysis of the autoprocessing kinetics in vitro reveals that proteolysis at the Q(2779)-S(2780) site is the first cleavage event mediated by this proteinase. This is followed by cleavage at the Q(3086)-S(3087) site. The occurrence of both cleavage events in intact cells is potentially rapid and efficient, as no intermediate cleavage products covering the proteinase were detected in either IBV-infected or transfected cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation studies further show differential subcellular localization of the proteinase in IBV-infected cells and in cells expressing the 3C-like proteinase alone, indicating that additional roles in viral replication might be played by this protein. Finally, a Q-A (Q(3379)-A(3380)) dipeptide bond encoded by nucleotides 10,663 to 10,668 was demonstrated to be a cleavage site of the proteinase.
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PMID:Further characterization of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 3C-like proteinase and determination of a new cleavage site. 1087 46

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely distributed in human airways. They couple to G- proteins and are activated after proteolytic cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor. Evidence is growing that PAR subtype 2 plays a pivotal role in inflammatory airway diseases, such as allergic asthma or bronchitis. However, nothing is known about the effects of PAR-2 on electrolyte transport in the native airways. PAR-2 is expressed in airway epithelial cells, where they are activated by mast cell tryptase, neutrophil proteinase 3, or trypsin. Recent studies produced conflicting results about the functional consequence of PAR-2 stimulation. Here we report that stimulation of PAR-2 receptors in mouse and human airways leads to a change in electrolyte transport and a shift from absorption to secretion. Although PAR-2 appears to be expressed on both sides of the epithelium, only basolateral stimulation results in inhibition of amiloride sensitive Na+ conductance and stimulation of both luminal Cl- channels and basolateral K+ channels. The present data indicate that these changes occur through activation of phospholipase C and increase in intracellular Ca2+, which activates basolateral SK4 K+ channels and luminal Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels. In addition, the present data suggest a PAR-2 mediated release of prostaglandin E2, which may contribute to the secretory response. In conclusion, these results provide further evidence for a role of PAR-2 in inflammatory airway disease: stimulation of these receptors may cause accumulation of airway surface liquid, which, however, may help to flush noxious stimuli away from the affected airways.
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PMID:Control of ion transport in mammalian airways by protease activated receptors type 2 (PAR-2). 1580 58


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