Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in 9 patas monkeys before and during protein depletion, and in 4 of them also during recovery from protein depletion. Pancreatic function was estimated by measuring enzymatic activities in the duodenal contents after a test meal and by determination of urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid (pancreatic function test) after oral ingestion of the chymotrypsin-labile peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid. The average serum albumin dropped by 34.8% to 2.6 g per 100 ml. Significant decrease of trypsin, lipase, amylase, and chymotrypsin was observed in the duodenal samples during protein deficiency. Urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid was also reduced significantly. The two tests correlated well. In 3 of 4 animals, recovery of pancreatic function was noted after refeeding a full protein diet. Pancreatic atrophy was noted in 2 animals which died. The study shows that exocrine pancreatic secretion can be seriously impaired even at a moderate protein deficiency and may not be reversibly in all instances. Therefore, function tests have to be evaluated with caution when hypoproteinemia, i.e., hypoalbuminemia, is present.
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PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function in protein-deficient patas monkeys studied by means of a test meal and an indirect pancreatic function test. 80 63

The effect of dietary protein deficiency and protein concentration of the diet on the pancreatic trophic response to a CCK analogue (cerulein) were studied. Rats were fed for 14 days with semipurified diets containing 5, 30, or 60% casein. During the final 4 days, they received 2 micrograms/kg cerulein or gelatin vehicle subcutaneously three times/day, and the effects on pancreatic weight and pancreatic content of protein, RNA, DNA, amylase, and chymotrypsin were determined. Cerulein failed to increase significantly any pancreatic parameter in rats fed 5% casein, while stimulating significant increases in almost all parameters in rats fed 30 and 60% casein diets. In the absence of cerulein treatment, increases in dietary protein levels caused progressive increases in all pancreatic growth parameters with the exception of amylase. In the presence of cerulein, increases in dietary protein concentrations caused progressive increases in pancreatic growth parameters (except amylase), which were maximal at 30% casein concentration of the diet for most parameters. The results confirm that pancreatic growth is stimulated by increasing protein concentration of the diet and indicate that a low protein diet, acting through a deficiency of dietary nitrogen and essential amino acids, limits the pancreatic trophic response to CCK or analogues. These results explain the failure of trypsin inhibitors to stimulate pancreatic growth in rats fed low levels of dietary protein.
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PMID:Lack of effect of cerulein on pancreatic growth of rats fed a low-protein diet. 171 91

A study conducted on intact and castrated male rats with cannulated biliary-pancreatic ducts has shown that long-term protein deficiency in the ration leads to decreased secretion of pancreatic juice, lowers activity of amylase, alkaline ribonuclease, trypsin, lipase in the juice, and changes pancreatic response to the action of secretin, pancreozymin or their mixture, that is especially pronounced in the castrated rats.
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PMID:[Response of the rat pancreas to the effects of secretin and pancreozymin under conditions of different nutrition]. 244 64

A hypothesis suggested in this paper is that pigbel, or enteritis necroticans was a common disease in mediaeval Europe when human habitats, food hygiene, protein deficiency and periodic meat feasting formed the basics of village life as they do in many Third World cultures today. Based on the Papua New Guinea experience with pigbel, it is suggested that health authorities should look closely at the epidemiology of the acute surgical abdomen in such communities. Enteritis necroticans may be the important predisposing lesion to mid-gut volvulus, jejunal and ileal ileus and other forms of small bowel strangulation in communities where protein deprivation, poor food hygiene, epochal meat feasting and staple diets containing trypsin inhibitors co-exist. Such human habitats occur in Central South America, Western Pacific, Asian and South-East Asian cultures. Isolated outbreaks of necrotising enteritis have been reported from Uganda, Malaysia and Indonesia but as yet no systematic epidemiological studies of the prevalence of small bowel strangulations have been described in the surgical literature of Third World countries. Now that enteritis necroticans is preventable by vaccination such studies should be undertaken.
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PMID:Pigbel in Papua New Guinea: an ancient disease rediscovered. 630 98

There are a number of unconventional feed resources in Nigeria. Most are rich sources of plant protein. Since protein is the most expensive and limiting nutrient in tropical livestock nutrition, these unconventional feed resources may fill a gap in protein deficiency. However, most contain antiquality and toxic components which make them unsafe as protein and carbohydrate sources in livestock nutrition. The presence of saponins, lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors, cyanogenic glucoside and others in African locust bean meal (Parkia filicoidea Welw), avocado seed meal (Persea americana), bambara groundnut meal (Voandzeia subterranea), cocoa by-product meal (Theobroma coca), coffee pulp meal (Coffee arabica), mango seed kernel meal (Mangifera indica), rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L) and shear-butter cake (Vitellaria paradoxa, G) are not uncommon and make rations prepared with them unpalatable and unacceptable to animals. They also interfere with nutrient bioavailability and utilization. Drying, soaking, leaching and fermentation are simple means of detoxifying these feed sources to reduce the presence of antiquality and toxic components.
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PMID:A review of implications of antiquality and toxic components in unconventional feedstuffs advocated for use in intensive animal production in Nigeria. 946 8

Insect attack frequently down-regulates photosynthetic proteins. To understand how this influences the plant-insect interaction, we transformed Nicotiana attenuata to independently silence ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase) activase (RCA) and RuBPCase and selected lines whose photosynthetic capacity was similarly reduced. Decreases in plant growth mirrored the decreases in photosynthesis, but the effects on herbivore performance differed. Both generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) and specialist (Manduca sexta) larvae grew larger on RCA-silenced plants, which was consistent with decreased levels of trypsin protease inhibitors and diterpene glycosides and increased levels of RuBPCase, the larvae's main dietary protein. RCA-silenced plants were impaired in their attack-elicited jasmonate (JA)-isoleucine (Ile)/leucine levels, but RuBPCase-silenced plants were not, a deficiency that could not be restored by supplementation with Ile or attributed to lower transcript levels of JAR4/6, the key enzyme for JA-Ile conjugation. From these results, we infer that JA-Ile/leucine signaling and the herbivore resistance traits elicited by JA-Ile are influenced by adenylate charge, or more generally, carbon availability in RCA- but not RuBPCase-silenced plants. Growth of generalist larvae on RuBPCase-silenced plants did not differ from growth on empty vector controls, but the specialist larvae grew faster on RuBPCase-silenced plants, which suggests that the specialist can better tolerate the protein deficiency resulting from RuBPCase silencing than the generalist can. We conclude that the plant-herbivore interaction is more influenced by the particular mechanisms that reduce photosynthetic capacity after herbivore attack than by the magnitude of the decrease, which highlights the value of understanding defense mechanisms in evaluating growth-defense tradeoffs.
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PMID:Independently silencing two photosynthetic proteins in Nicotiana attenuata has different effects on herbivore resistance. 1872 66