Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Invasive tests to diagnose patients with gastrointestinal disease are rapidly being replaced by procedures which enable organ function to be assessed by monitoring the product of a metabolic reaction in readily available materials such as breath, blood, and urine. Examples of these approaches that will be assessed in this review include the hydrogen breath test for lactase deficiency, radioactive carbon dioxide breath measurements to test for fat digestion and absorption, and tests of pancreatic function based upon synthetic substrates from which fluorescein or para-aminobenzoic acid can be liberated by pancreas-specific enzymes. Significant advances have been made in improving the organ sensitivity of enzyme determinations. The determination of amylase isoenzymes has been less useful than the measurement of immunoreactive trypsin; this latter enzyme is greatly elevated in the blood of neonates with cystic fibrosis, whereas serum levels are greatly depressed in cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency as well as in most patients with steatorrhea due to chronic pancreatitis. Many of these tests are now becoming standard procedures in the investigation of infants with gastrointestinal disease.
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PMID:The noninvasive biochemical diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease, with special reference to children. 621 Jan 70

High concentrations of immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) in the blood, and low concentrations of trypsin activity in fecal specimens have been found in newborn infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). The amniotic fluid concentrations of IRT and of IRT in complex with alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) were studied in 39 samples taken in about the 17th gestational week, and in 7 samples taken because the mothers had previously given birth to children with CF. The midtrimester samples contained trypsin in complex with alpha 1AT in a concentration of 30-200 micrograms/liter, and small amounts of trypsinogen, 0-50 micrograms/liter. Three of four amniotic fluid samples from CF fetuses had very low concentrations of trypsin in complex with alpha 1AT (less than 10 micrograms/liter), and only small amounts of trypsinogen (less than 10 micrograms/liter). Further prospective studies are needed to ascertain whether the determination of IRT in amniotic fluid may be of use in prenatal diagnosis of CF.
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PMID:Determination and characterization of immunoreactive trypsin in amniotic fluid from normal and cystic fibrosis fetuses. 633 65

A sandwich enzyme immunoassay was developed for human pancreatic trypsin 1 using polystyrene balls coated with specific IgG as the first antibody and peroxidase-labeled IgG as the second antibody. The entire assay takes 6 h and the detection limit is 0.5 microgram/l. The assay can be performed on sera samples or on discs carrying dried blood spots. Good agreement was found with a radioimmunoassay kit. This simple assay could be widely applied to confirm the elevated immunoreactive serum trypsin described in newborn children with cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Non-competitive enzyme immunoassay of human trypsin 1. 634 97

An assessment of beta cell and exocrine pancreatic reserve based on fasting C peptide and immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) concentrations was carried out in non-diabetic (fasting blood glucose less than 6 mmol/l) patients with cystic fibrosis (CF; n = 20) and their parents (heterozygotes; n = 26). These indices were also measured in comparable control subjects (n = 20) and insulin-dependent diabetics (IDDs). C peptide concentrations in 18 CF patients were markedly lower than those in controls, and in 18 were comparable to those in IDDs (n = 27). Fasting C peptide concentration in heterozygotes was also significantly lower than that in controls and was significantly greater than that in IDDs. IRT concentrations in CF patients and heterozygotes were also significantly lower than those in controls. The frequency of subnormal C peptide concentrations was greater in CF patients with non-measurable IRT than in those who had residual IRT in their sera. These data show for the first time that the diminution in beta cell reserve in CF patients may be of a magnitude similar to that in IDDs in spite of their normal blood glucose and HbA1 concentrations. Therefore, these patients may have enhanced insulin sensitivity. CF heterozygotes too have a significant diminution in endocrine and exocrine pancreatic reserve when compared with the controls.
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PMID:beta Cell reserve in cystic fibrosis patients and heterozygotes. 634 93

We examine critically the biochemical methods capable of detecting and monitoring the end-organ disease processes in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is never justified on the basis of the sweat salt test alone, the original filter-paper technic (Gibson-Cooke, Pediatrics 23:545-549, 1959) for determining Na+ and Cl- concentrations in sweat remains the most discriminating method. We discuss the contributions for neonatal screening of the so-called cystic fibrosis protein, associated decreased enzymic activities in the homo- and heterozygous state, and immunoreactive trypsin. Because evidence of either intestinal malabsorption or a pancreatic lesion must be sought, we review the use and interpretation of some tests of pancreatic dysfunction (meconium albumin, duodenal juice components, serum pancreatic isoamylase, and trypsinogen), both in establishing and in confirming the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Cystic fibrosis--its biochemical detection. 635 39

Patients with cystic fibrosis have been found to have abnormal serum concentrations of immunoreactive trypsin and abnormal activities of pancreatic isoamylase. A study was undertaken to discover whether activity of pancreatic lipase is also altered in cystic fibrosis. Serum from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis was assayed for immunoreactive trypsin and pancreatic lipase. Median serum pancreatic lipase activity was significantly lower in patients with cystic fibrosis than in controls, as was immunoreactive trypsin concentration (p less than 0.0001). Some patients had supranormal lipase concentrations but these were not always associated with absence of malabsorption. Serum pancreatic lipase activity is considerably changed in cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Serum pancreatic lipase activity in cystic fibrosis. 640 37

The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 144M (a mucoid strain isolated from the sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient) to the bactericidal activity of pooled fresh normal human serum (FHS) was examined. FHS at concentrations of greater than or equal to 2.5% was capable of killing greater than 95% of strain 144M. Strain 144M was killed by FHS in a dose-dependent manner. Although either immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG was bactericidal in the presence of complement, IgM was about 10 times as effective as IgG. However, optimal killing activity required both IgM and IgG and complement, activated by the classical pathway. A role for lysozyme in the killing of 144M was demonstrated only when low concentrations of FHS were used. In contrast to 144M, P. aeruginosa strains 144NM and 144M(SR) were totally resistant to FHS at all of the concentrations tested (up to 50%). Neither the FHS susceptibility of 144M nor the FHS resistance of 144NM or 144M(SR) was altered by choice of growth medium, growth phase, or temperature of growth. Results of absorption studies with whole organisms, isolated outer membrane preparations, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from each strain suggest that the antigen(s) which binds the bactericidal immunoglobulins is accessible on the surface of 144M but not on the surface of 144NM or 144M(SR), is insensitive to trypsin treatment, and is believed to be LPS. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the three LPS preparations demonstrated that 144M LPS contained primarily lipid-A-core polysaccharide components, whereas the LPS from 144NM and 144M(SR) were heterogeneous, with various degrees of O-side-chain substitution. These results suggest that at least one target for bactericidal antibody on the surface of 144M is contained in the rough LPS of this strain.
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PMID:Serum sensitivity of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoid strain. 643 98

Vitamin B12 absorption was measured in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis by means of the urinary excretion method and found to be impaired, i.e. less than 10%, in 25. The mean urinary excretion amounted to 4.7 +/- 0.8%. In all patients vitamin B12 absorption improved by the addition of trypsin (18.9 +/- 2.1%). Addition of the vitamin B12 analogue cobinamide, which prevents vitamin B12-binding by R-binders, raised the vitamin B12 absorption to 15.0 +/- 2.2%. A further improvement was obtained by the simultaneous addition of cobinamide and trypsin, 18.2 +/- 2.6%, the same value as with trypsin alone. Assuming that cobinamide addition was effective in suppressing all R-binder activity, the additional effect of trypsin suggests a second, stimulatory function of trypsin on vitamin B12 absorption, separate from R-binder-inactivation. In 5 patients only marginal improvement of vitamin B12 absorption was gained by the addition of either trypsin or cobinamide. The deficient serum vitamin B12 (110 pmol/l) in one of them indicates that the normal pancreas-substitution therapy not always implies sufficient restoration of vitamin B12 absorption.
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PMID:Vitamin B12 absorption in cystic fibrosis. 646 42

47 127 newborn infants from the Emilia-Romagna region were screened for cystic fibrosis by dried blood spot trypsin assay. In the initial 12 099 subjects screened with a non-standardized method, two children with cystic fibrosis were observed. Of the remaining 35 028 newborn infants, 299 showed high immunoreactive trypsin values; retesting revealed persistent elevation in 11. Sweat testing confirmed cystic fibrosis in 6 subjects and was normal in 5. Clinical monitoring of these 5 children has, as yet, shown no pathological signs. No false-negative test results have yet been identified. In our region, cystic fibrosis frequency would appear to be 1 case every 5 890 newborn infants. Our study confirms that elevated immunoreactive trypsin is characteristic of newborn infants with cystic fibrosis and that screening by determination of immunoreactive trypsin is of great benefit since it allows early diagnosis and a rational approach to therapy.
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PMID:Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis by dried blood spot trypsin assay. Results in 47 127 newborn infants from a homogeneous population. 646 44

Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was measured radioimmunologically in samples of blood dried on filterpaper of 18 417 newborns. In 221 samples (1.2%) the concentration exceeded 80 ng/ml whole blood. In these cases we asked for a further sample of blood dried on filterpaper and for further clinical tests. Cystic fibrosis (CF) was confirmed in three babies, one of these died from meconium ileus. The IRT-concentrations did not drop significantly in 4 and 6 weeks respectively in the 2 patients, whereas this was the case in 192 babies without CF. Our data suggest that the determination of IRT may be developed into a highly specific screening method for CF provided that optimal reagents are selected and that blood is collected during the 4th or 5th week of life.
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PMID:[Mucoviscidosis screening by determination of immunoreactive trypsin]. 648 7


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