Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.1 (chymotrypsin)
10,938 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of a milk substitute diet containing concentrated soya protein on secretory functions of the abomasum and pancreas and on plasma concentrations of gut hormones and soya antibodies was studied. Sixteen calves aged 12-19 weeks were given a milk substitute in which a major part of the protein source was either soya concentrate (soya diet) or skim milk (control diet). The soya diet was prepared by hot aqueous ethanol extraction of soya bean meal to remove oligosaccharides and inactivate antigenic constituents. Circulatory IgG antibodies against soya proteins were found in all of the calves when they were 16 weeks of age. Their titres increased slightly between 16 and 19 weeks, irrespective of the diet. It seems unlikely that the presence of these antibodies was related specifically to the feeding of the soya concentrate. At slaughter the weight of the gastric mucosa and pancreas and quantities of pancreatic protein together with specific activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were significantly lower (17, 20, 16, 30 and 36%, respectively) with the soya diet. The quantities of enzymes in the gastric mucosa or the specific activity of pancreatic amylase were not affected, whereas that of lipase increased by 26%. Total enzyme activities as well as units per kg live weight gave significant differences only for trypsin and chymotrypsin which were reduced by 43 and 38%, respectively. With the soya diet, fasting concentrations of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and secretin in plasma samples were significantly lower (49 and 34%, respectively). Values of GIP were also lower (54%) 1 h after feeding. In contrast, postprandial values of cholecystokinin (CCK) were 1.4 times greater. No significant differences were found between the two diets for gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), somatostatine and motilin. In general these observations could be explained, in part, by the more rapid passage of protein and fat from the abomasum to the duodenum following feeds containing soya concentrate. However, these differences in concentrations of gut hormones did not seem to be related to variations in the weights of gastric mucosa and pancreas or activities of pancreatic enzymes.
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PMID:Effect of soya protein on digestive enzymes, gut hormone and anti-soya antibody plasma levels in the preruminant calf. 242 2

Oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy generally benefits patients with severe pancreatic deficiency. However, the fate of oral pancreatic supplements in the digestive lumen and their possible effects on circulating gut hormones are only partially known. The purpose of this article is to validate an experimental model that produces total pancreatic insufficiency in pigs, and to study the fate of orally administered Eurobiol, a whole pancreas lyophilized preparation, and its effects on circulating plasma levels of five digestive hormones. Pancreatic insufficiency was created by pancreatic duct ligation, and the duodenal, jejunal and ileal contents were sampled through cannulas before a normal meal and 0.5-24 h later. Blood samples were taken at the same times, and plasma neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastrin were measured. In pigs with pancreatic insufficiency, Eurobiol, given during the meal, induced a significant increase in all enzyme activities in the duodenum and the jejunum, and in the levels of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the ileum, relative to placebo. In the duodenum, the peak concentrations of enzyme activities were 19, 11, 17, and 29% (p less than 0.001) of the postprandial peak activities measured in control pigs with an intact pancreas for lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, respectively. In the jejunum, the same activities were, respectively, 30, 11, 25, and 36% (p less than 0.01-0.001) of normal peaks. In pigs with pancreatic insufficiency, basal and integrated meal-stimulated neurotensin levels were increased; basal, peak, and integrated meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide and secretin levels were increased, whereas gastrin and CCK were not different from controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Total pancreatic insufficiency in pigs: a model to study intestinal enzymes and plasma levels of digestive hormones after pancreatic supplementation by a whole pancreas preparation. 247 98

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of wheat bran consumption on exocrine pancreas secretion in pigs. Sixteen Large-White pigs were divided into two groups. The first group (control) was fed a diet without wheat bran and the second one (experimental) a diet containing 40% wheat bran. After one week the animals were fitted with two permanent fistulae (in the pancreatic duct and the duodenum) and/or with a catheter in a carotid artery. After an 8-day recovery period, pancreatic secretion (volume, protein content and output, chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase and amylase activities) and plasma levels of some gastro-intestinal peptides [secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)] were measured over an experimental period of 5 days. The results show that wheat bran intake induced an increase in the volume (+ 115%) and protein output (+ 36%) of the pancreatic juice secreted in a 24-hour period, whereas protein concentration decreased. All enzyme activities were enhanced by wheat bran. The plasma levels of secretin, VIP, somatostatin and PP were higher in the experimental than in the control group. On the contrary, plasma CCK levels were not affected by wheat bran consumption.
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PMID:Effects of wheat bran on exocrine pancreas secretion in the pig. 289 Nov 62

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas from six female patients were studied using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to define better their histogenesis. The tumors ranged in diameter from 5 to 15 cm (average: 9 cm), and, on cross section, most had areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, sometimes extensive. Microscopically, there was a solid and pseudopapillary pattern, with tumor cells typically having ovoid nuclei with delicate folding and indistinct nucleoli. Of note were the following: a relatively low mitotic rate (range: 0-6/20 hpf), the presence of hyaline globules (four of six cases), and collections of foam cells (three of six cases). Staining for cytoplasmic argyrophil granules was negative in each case. Ultrastructurally, the solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas showed evidence of acinar or ductular differentiation. Two contained zymogen granules, one had intermediate filaments (probably keratin), and three had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Immunostaining was positive for chymotrypsin (six of six cases), trypsin (four of six), and amylase (three of six). None was positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, or insulin. The findings support an origin from exocrine pancreas, and follow-up indicates a low rate of malignancy, with local recurrence in two of the six patients.
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PMID:Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of six cases. 381 76

Earlier observations had established that duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is tropic for pancreatic endocrine cells, including cells localized to islets and to acini. Because cells identifiable as endocrine represented only a minor fraction of the total acinar-associated, infected subpopulation, the possibility was addressed in the present study that this subpopulation also comprises exocrine cells. Fixed preparations of cells from pancreas of congenitally DHBV-infected young ducks were reacted in double immunofluorescence assay with anti-virus serum and either anti-avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) serum, a probe for a major subclass of acinar-associated endocrine cells, or anti-chymotrypsin serum, a probe for exocrine cells. Approximately 2-5% of the cells in these preparations were viral antigen-positive, comprising a minor fraction positive for APP and a much larger fraction positive for chymotrypsinogen. The detection of the latter establishes that DHBV is tropic for exocrine cells.
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PMID:Duck hepatitis B virus is tropic for exocrine cells of the pancreas. 389 64

We have studied in seven men, consuming less than 50 g alcohol daily, the effect of intravenous (i.v.) ethanol on (a) hormonally (secretin + CCK PZ) submaximally stimulated pancreatic secretion and (b) blood levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin. After intravenous ethanol (600 mg/kg), pancreatic secretion decreased in all subjects and plasma levels of PP and VIP increased significantly. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the mean inhibition of chymotrypsin output and the mean increase in PP plasma levels during the first 45 min following ethanol infusion. Therefore i.v. infusion of alcohol elicits release of PP and VIP and PP release could explain in part at least the alcohol-induced pancreatic inhibition observed in non-alcoholic men.
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PMID:Relationship between intravenous ethanol, alcohol-induced inhibition of pancreatic secretion and plasma concentration of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin in man. 611 82

Two animal models have been employed to examine the role of pancreatic polypeptide, a potent and selective inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine secretion, in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. In one model pancreatitis was induced by feeding young female Swiss Webster mice an ethionine-supplemented, choline-deficient diet for 48 hr. Animals (N = 30 per group) were injected subcutaneously every 8 hr for 7 days with pancreatic polypeptide (0, 2, 20, and 200 micrograms/kg/day). Treatment with 20 and 200 micrograms/kg/day pancreatic polypeptide significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced mortality from a control rate of 70% to 42% and 33%, respectively. Treated animals also exhibited significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in pancreatic content of activated chymotrypsin and an improvement in pancreatic histology. Pancreatic polypeptide was effective whether treatment was started before or at the same time the test diet was introduced. In contrast, pancreatic polypeptide failed to protect dogs with acute pancreatitis induced by retrograde injection of the pancreas with bile, which may reflect the rapid and mechanical nature of pancreatic damage in this animal model.
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PMID:Beneficial effect of pancreatic polypeptide in experimental pancreatitis. 665 98

Laboratory tests are the object of continuous interest in acute as well as chronic pancreatic disease. Enzymic assays play an important role, particularly in screening for pancreatic disease. The diagnostic contribution of amylase, isoamylases, immunoreactive trypsin and lactoferrin, ribonuclease and galactosyltransferase, as well as the problem of chronic nonpancreatic hyperamylasemia is reviewed. Functional methods detect a normal or abnormal function and in this sense the results should be interpreted. Present evaluation of the pancreozymin-secretin test, the Lundh test, fecal chymotrypsin, determination of stimulated chymotrypsin secretion by peroral synthetic substrates marked with 4-aminobenzoic acid, duodenal excretion of 75Se-methionine and plasma pancreatic polypeptide is given. Up to now, immunologic methods have not fulfilled the expectations in spite of considerable attention paid to them in recent years.
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PMID:[Developments in the laboratory diagnosis of diseases of the exocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. 702 8

While pancreatic metaplasia has been observed in gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis, it has not been described in ectopic gastric mucosa. We have identified focal clusters of cells resembling pancreatic acinar cells (CPACs) in 11 of 350 biopsies of Barrett's mucosa from 120 patients with Barrett's esophagus enrolled in a clinical efficacy trial of omeprazole versus ranitidine for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Three additional cases from our surgical files were also studied. Immunoreactivity for trypsin and chymotrypsin was present in the CPACs of all 14 cases, while stains for alpha-amylase and lipase were each positive in 12 of 13. A few cells in the CPACs were also positive for chomogranins (12 of 13 cases), serotonin (seven of 13 cases), somatostatin (three of 12), gastrin (four of 11), and pancreatic polypeptide (two of 13). No staining was seen for insulin or glucagon. Ultrastructural studies performed in one case showed features of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine (PP-type) cells in cells within CPACs. These results collectively indicate that the CPACs are aggregates of true pancreatic acinar cells admixed with a few endocrine cells. This pancreatic parenchyma in Barrett's mucosa is most likely of metaplastic origin and could be derived from the transitional zone cells or from pluripotent stem cells in the esophageal mucosa or from metaplasia of mucus cells. While the development of pancreatic metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus appears to be unrelated to drug therapy, the clinical relevance of this distinctive histological finding needs further investigation.
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PMID:Pancreatic metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. An immunohistochemical study. 757 75

Mediation of postprandial pancreatic enzyme secretion has been ascribed mainly to cholecystokinin and to vagovagal reflexes. Recent studies suggest that these pathways are subject to feedback regulation. Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum stimulates cholecystokinin release and pancreatic enzyme secretion, and intraduodenal administration of trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibits cholecystokinin release and pancreatic secretion. The increased plasma cholecystokinin levels following diversion of pancreatic juice seems to be mediated by "cholecystokinin-releasing factor", a trypsin-sensitive substance secreted by the proximal small intestine. This factor may mediate pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to protein intake. Dietary protein in the intestine competes for the trypsin that would otherwise inactivate the factor. The resulting increase of this factor in the intestinal lumen releases cholecystokinin and stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. Enteropancreatic reflex can also be activated by distension or administration of hyperosmolar solutions in the duodenum eliciting pancreatic enzyme secretion without raising plasma cholecystokinin levels. This effect is inhibited by atropine, suggesting that it is cholinergically mediated. Pancreatic response to duodenal volume or osmolality is not suppressed by trypsin, indicating that the reflex is not affected by intraluminal proteases. Our studies also show that secretion of pancreatic polypeptide is under cholinergic control, and this peptide acts by interfering with cholinergic transmission, making it an ideal candidate to modulate pancreatic secretion stimulated by the vagal cholinergic pathway. Similar observations are made with somatostatin and calcitonin-gene related peptide which also acts preferentially to inhibit pancreatic secretion by the vagal cholinergic pathway.
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PMID:Negative feedback control of exocrine pancreatic secretion: role of cholecystokinin and cholinergic pathway. 791 21


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