Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.1 (chymotrypsin)
10,938 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In vitro transcription by vesicular stomatitis virus nucleocapsids is inhibited by enzymatic dephosphorylation of the NS protein. We provide evidence that specific, partial dephosphorylation of NS molecules is the only detectable change in nucleocapsids treated with bacterial alkaline phosphatase under conditions that prevent the action of adventitious protease. Dephosphorylation appeared to affect only the rate of transcription; there were no changes in sedimentation rates of transcripts. To identify the sites of phosphorylation required for NS activity in transcription, we examined phosphopeptides produced by chymotrypsin digestion of the two electrophoretic classes of NS molecules found in virions and infected cells. The electrophoretically slower class, NS1, abundant in the intracellular soluble pool, has a lower activity in transcription; it contained six chymotryptic phosphopeptides. Five of these peptides contained both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine, indicating that this peptide cluster represents at least 11 separate sites of phosphorylation. In the electrophoretically faster nucleocapsid-associated NS2 class of molecules, which support a higher rate of transcription, another group of eight phosphopeptides was superimposed on this pattern. Two of these peptides contained both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine, so this cluster of peptides represents at least 10 additional phosphorylation sites. These sites were especially sensitive to dephosphorylation by bacterial alkaline phosphatase. One or more of them appears to be responsible for the higher transcription rates medicated by NS2 molecules.
...
PMID:Site-specific phosphorylation regulates the transcriptive activity of vesicular stomatitis virus NS protein. 628 90

After twenty weeks of continuous dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae substantial, but declining, numbers of worms had persisted in most of the lambs examined, although there were wide inter-individual variations. Mucosal lesions were found in the proximal small intestines of all the infected animals, their severity being directly related to worm burden. Representative brush border enzyme activities analysed in intestinal mucosal extracts from the same lambs showed differing responses. Alkaline phosphatase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were significantly depleted, whereas maltase activity was only marginally reduced, and leucine aminopeptidase activity was normal. Mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly elevated in the parasitised animals and, interestingly in view of the postulated role of this enzyme in nematode pathogenicity, the level of activity was directly correlated with individual worm burdens. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were unaffected and the level of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme associated with the inflammatory response, was normal. There were also no consistent changes in the mucosal activities of several enzymes including lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, aldolase, and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, whose leakage from damaged or necrotic tissues has been well defined in terms of the concomitant increase in their activity in the circulation. Lambs treated orally with fenbendazole five and/or ten weeks before slaughter either in the presence or absence of continued larval intake, had negligible worm burdens, and showed little evidence of intestinal damage at post mortem. Brush border enzyme levels, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase and, in two cases dipeptidase, were normal in these animals. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was approximately double that in the continuously infected, untreated lambs, but remained markedly lower than in the uninfected controls. The activities of the other enzymes studied, including acetylcholinesterase, were within the control range. In summary, in chronic trichostrongylosis even relatively low nematode burdens were associated with marked pathological and biochemical damage in the intestine with both lesion severity and mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity being directly related to worm numbers. Although morphological integrity was completely restored after anthelmintic treatment, the persistent low activity of brush border alkaline phosphatase coupled with the enzymological findings in untreated, infected animals suggests that recovery of the full functional capability of the intestinal mucosa may take longer.
...
PMID:Intestinal enzyme activity in lambs chronically infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: effect of anthelmintic treatment. 634 11

Enzymatic characterization of 48 Aeromonas hydrophila complex isolates from various sources was determined with the API ZYM system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). All isolates lacked valine and cystine aminopeptidases, chymotrypsin, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-fucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, and beta-glucuronidase but possessed caprylate esterase-lipase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosidase. Variability was found in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, butyrate esterase, myristate lipase, trypsin, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-glucosidase. No significant differences were evident among the enzymatic profiles of isolates from various sources.
...
PMID:Enzymatic characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila complex by the API ZYM system. 681 46

The pathology and enzymology of the intestinal mucosae of lambs dosed daily with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae and killed at five, nine or 14 weeks were compared with worm-free animals. The proximal small intestines of the infected lambs exhibited extensive mucosal damage at five and nine weeks, but only isolated lesions were found at 14 weeks. Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase, maltase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were all significantly depleted during infection, although the magnitude, time of onset and duration of the individual enzyme responses varied. Mucosal activities of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and to a lesser extent chymotrypsin were also markedly decreased particularly during the first nine weeks of infection. Specific acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased throughout the study, maximal levels being observed at five weeks. In contrast 'pseudo'-cholinesterase levels were consistently within the control range. During the early stages of infection (five weeks) glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity was significantly decreased, while aldolase and creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly elevated. At nine weeks low glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were again detected and lactate dehydrogenase activity was also markedly reduced. At 14 weeks the mean activities of all four enzymes were within the normal range as were superoxide dismutase levels throughout. Significant correlations were found between alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aldolase and glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities and the degree of mucosal damage within the individual lambs.
...
PMID:Changes in the intestinal enzyme activity of lambs during chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus. 710 Jun 47

When cells of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum are allowed to starve in the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin, they are blocked in development at the stage where tight aggregates form tips. Analysis of developmentally regulated enzymes has shown that alpha-mannosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, threonine deaminase, tyrosine aminotransferase, beta-glucosidase and the carbohydrate-binding protein discoidin are unaffected, but enzymes that show an increase in specific activity during post-aggregative development, namely glycogen phosphorylase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, UDP-galactose polysaccharide transferase and alkaline phosphatase, did not show the characteristic increase when development was blocked by alpha-chymotrypsin. Recovery of cells from the effects of alpha-chymotrypsin was accompanied by the formation of fruiting bodies and a concomitant increase in the specific activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Uptake or efflux of 45Ca2+ was not altered in the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin. Cells allowed to develop in alpha-chymotrypsin, or treated with the enzyme for 15 min, had a markedly reduced ability to bind cyclic AMP with low affinity; high-affinity binding was unaffected. Pronase had a similar effect on cyclic AMP binding, but trypsin, which does not alter developmental processes, has no effect on cyclic AMP binding to D. discoideum cells.
...
PMID:Developmentally regulated enzymes and cyclic AMP-binding sites in Dictyostelium discoideum cells blocked during development by alpha-chymotrypsin. 715 Feb 39

One balance trial and two pair-feeding experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding raw small red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on dietary protein utilization, organ weights, pancreatic enzyme activities, blood variables and weight gain of young pigs. In the balance trial, the substitution of 5 and 15% raw beans for soybean meal and cornstarch in the semipurified diet depressed apparent digestibilities of crude protein, total S and all individual amino acids measured. Urinary excretion of N and sulfate was increased and N retention was decreased. Pigs fed a semipurified diet containing 15% raw red beans in one pair-feeding trial gained less and had slightly larger livers and slightly smaller spleens than did pigs fed the control diet without raw beans. There was no difference in pancreas size as a percentage trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase activities were lower in those pigs fed the raw bean diet. Pigs fed the raw bean diet also had higher serum urea and lower albumin concentrations and higher alkaline phosphatase activities and plasma Zn concentrations. Pigs fed the raw bean diet had a higher total leukocyte count, primarily because of an increase in neutrophils; eosinophil numbers were depressed. Similar results were obtained in the other pair-feeding trial with pigs fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet with or without 15% raw beans; however, leukocyte numbers and differential counts were affected only slightly by the feeding of raw beans. Pancreatic size of pigs fed raw beans was decreased in this trial. The inclusion of raw red beans in the diet for young pigs did not cause pancreatic enlargement as it does in the rat or chick. The feeding of raw red beans decreased protein digestibility and appeared to interfere with systemic protein utilization.
...
PMID:Protein utilization and toxic effects of raw beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for young pigs. 717 52

The effect of the photolytic reagent 9-azidoacridine, optionally 3H-labelled, was studied both kinetically and structurally on nine different enzymes, namely alpha-chymotrypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alanine dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, ribonuclease A, alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase. Dark inhibition was observed in several cases. The concentration of the inhibitor ranged from 0.2 microM to 0.67 microM and demonstrated competitive kinetics with nucleotide cofactors when present. All concentrations of inhibitor showed increased inhibition on photolysis. Examination of the oligopeptides from hydrolysis of the covalently 3H-labelled derivative in conjunction with known amino acid sequence and tertiary structure established that the primary site of interaction in those cases for which the tertiary structure was available involved the active-site region. The above results in conjunction with those obtained with the structural analogues 9-aminoacridine and 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine established that this reagent acts as a molecular probe of aromatic- and, in particular, nucleotide-binding sites. This reagent provides a further additional method for studying the nucleotide cofactor domain.
...
PMID:9-azidoacridine, a new photoaffinity label for nucleotide- and aromatic-binding sites in proteins. 718 53

The measured (apparent) specific activities of immobilized lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and chymotrypsin decrease with increasing activity loading and increase with decreasing particle diameter and with increasing substrate concentration. The observed inactivation is therefore concluded to be due to diffusional limitation. Real specific activities are not greatly affected by the immobilization, as has been demonstrated after enzymic digestion of the matrix. In the case of lactate dehydrogenase and of malate dehydrogenase real specific activities are not altered by a variation of the number of bonds to the carrier.
...
PMID:Factors affecting the activity of immobilized enzymes, I. Diffusional limitation. 742 23

To examine the effect of bile acids on the activity of intestinal aminopeptidase in vivo, we measured the activity of aminopeptidase in the intestinal mucosa from rats fed the diet containing cholestyramine which sequesters luminal bile acids (experiment 1) and from bile diverted rats (experiment 2). After 32 h fasting, rats were refed for 16 h either of a standard diet (25% casein diets), the same diet containing cholestyramine, or the fat-free diet in experiment 1. In the intestinal washing, the content of total bile acids was markedly decreased with feeding cholestyramine and activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were also lowered with cholestyramine. Cholestyramine feeding decreased the specific activity of aminopeptidase in the homogenate of intestinal mucosa but increased the specific activities of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase. All these parameters were not modified by the fat-free diet. In experiment 2, bile diverted and sham operated rats were refed the standard diet for 16 h with prior 32 h fasting. Bile diversion, like cholestyramine feeding, lowered the content of total bile acids, the activities of pancreatic hydrolases in the intestinal washings, and the specific activity of aminopeptidase in the intestinal mucosa. The specific activity of sucrase in the intestinal mucosa was higher in bile diverted rats but the activity of alkaline phosphatase was not changed. These data indicate that the decreased abundance of intraluminal bile acid affects the activity of intestinal aminopeptidase not through the decreased absorption of dietary lipid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Cholestyramine and bile diversion lower the aminopeptidase activity in the intestinal brush border membrane of rats. 800 18

Urinary trypsin inhibitor is a glycoprotein with a structure in which two Kunitz-type inhibitory domains are linked in a row. We isolated two genes encoding the 70 amino acid sequence from the 78th amino acid (Thr) to the C-terminal and the 68 amino acid sequence from the 80th (Ala) to the C-terminal of human urinary trypsin inhibitor, both which correspond to the second Kunitz-type inhibitory domain, and then constructed expression plasmids by ligating it to the E. coli alkaline phosphatase signal peptide gene. These plasmids under the control of the tryptophan promoter expressed the second domain in E. coli strain JE5505 which lacks the membrane lipoprotein. The recombinant second domain purified from the culture supernatant of the transformant inhibited trypsin, plasmin, leukocyte elastase and chymotrypsin which are known to be inhibited by urinary trypsin inhibitor. In addition it inhibited blood coagulation factor Xa and plasma kallikrein in a concentration dependent and competitive manner, and significantly prolonged the plasma-based activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The truncated natural counterpart obtained by a limited degradation of human urinary trypsin inhibitor also revealed the identical inhibitory activities.
...
PMID:Novel factor Xa and plasma kallikrein inhibitory-activities of the second Kunitz-type inhibitory domain of urinary trypsin inhibitor. 819 13


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---