Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.1 (chymotrypsin)
10,938 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A comparative enzyme analysis was performed on 3 pancreatic extracts generally used for dermal-epidermal separation, namely, crude trypsin (Difco), crude trypsin (Sigma) and pancreatin. A fourth pancreatic extract, crude lipase, was subjected to a corresponding analysis. The 4 extracts were assayed for activities of: protease (total), trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase-A, amylase, elastase, lipase, esterase, arylesterase and ribonuclease. Relative activities of the different proteolytic enzymes were individualized by utilizing specific inhibitors. Insignificant differences were observed between the enzyme activities of crude trypsin (Difco) and pancreatin. Crude lipase displayed similar enzyme activities as these two extracts in addition to high lipolytic, esterolytic and arylesterolytic activities. Crude trypsin (Sigma) exhibited higher tryptic and chymotryptic activities than the other extracts but lacked all further enzyme activities. Epidermal separation was performed using similar incubation conditions for each extract and skin from the same donor. Ultrastructural examination of the detached epidermis revealed that a more effective separation could be achieved by crude lipase.
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PMID:An analysis of pancreatic enzymes used in epidermal separation. 123 61

Embryonic rat pancreas anlagen have been grown in a chemically defined medium, subdivided biweekly and recultured for a total time of 10 weeks. The total mass increment during this time was in excess of 1000-fold. Samples were removed for light and electron microscope examination and for periodic measurement of enzymatic activity. Morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation occurred, peripheral outgrowth of epithelial buds was followed by the formation of interconnecting tubular structures and, eventually, by the appearance of distinctive acinar cells with zymogen granules. Mitotic figures became conspicuous at the periphery of explants within a day after each subdivision resulting in the formation of new tubular structures and acini. In general, the central area of the explants presented more mature acini with zymogen granules than was manifested at the periphery. The enzymatic activities of amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin developed maximally during the first week of culture, reached a plateau level by the second week, and remained at a relatively constant level throughout the 10-week culture period.
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PMID:Long-term organ culture of embryonic rat pancreas in a chemically defined medium. 124 81

The effect of dietary protein intake on abnormal endocrine pancreatic function was studied in five male chronic alcoholic patients with a recent history of heavy alcohol and poor dietary intake. Pancreatic function was assessed by means of the pancreozymin-secretin stimulation test. Immediately on admission and throughout the study, the patients were given ethanol, 250 g/day in divided doses. Initial administration of a low protein (25 g) 1800 calorie diet resulted in no improvement in pancreatic function. Institution of a normal protein (100 g) 2600 calorie diet for 10 days led to a return to normal in the output of bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin. Readministration of the low protein diet for 10 days resulted in decreased output of amylase and chymotrypsin. The volumes of secretion and outputs of trypsin and protein remained unchanged throughout the study. This study shows that the transient dysfunction of the exocrine pancreas frequently observed in actively drinking chronic alcoholic patients is caused by deficient dietary protein intake.
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PMID:Changes in endocrine pancreatic function produced by altered dietary protein intake in drinking alcoholics. 124 78

Pressurization of enzyme-containing AOT-water-isooctane reversed micelles with low molecular weight gases leads to markedly different responses in activity characteristics. Microbial lipases exhibit a total cutoff in activity with as low a pressure as 2 MPa and a remarkable activity regain with depressurization. The observation also holds for reaction in monophasic organic solvents. The protease, alpha-chymotrypsin, is unaffected by pressurization until a critical pressure wherein micellar instability occurs. The use of pressure as a switch for lipase reaction in nonaqueous media is discussed.
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PMID:The use of pressure to modify enzyme activity in reversed micelles. 136 35

Levels of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in the pancreas and small intestinal chyme were measured in females from four lines of chickens. Two of the lines had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight, and in the other two lines selection for high or low weight had been relaxed for 5 generations. The diet used in the present experiment was that under which selection had been practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Comparisons between divergently selected lines at common ages revealed higher enzyme levels for high- than low-weight lines. When comparisons were made at a common body weight (80 +/- 5 g) there were no differences between lines. These results suggested that correlated responses in feed intake were mediating the regulation of digestive enzyme levels in the pancreas and in intestinal chyme of growth-selected lines of chickens. Chicks from high-weight lines had elevated enzyme levels after a mild feed restriction compared with those provided ad libitum access to feed. It was hypothesized that hyperphagia associated with the high-weight lines in combination with a mild feed restriction and the associated meal feeding stimulated synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes.
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PMID:Correlated responses in lines of chickens divergently selected for fifty-six-day body weight. 3. Digestive enzymes. 137 44

187 patients were checked up over 4 years by the secretin-ceruletide test. Independently of the test results they were assigned to various disease groups on the basis of clinical assessment. 131 subjects were divided in a pilot investigation into: subjects with a healthy pancreas (n = 55); subjects with chronic pancreatitis (n = 50); subjects whose pancreatic condition could not be classified clearly (n = 26). 8 parameters were compared by univariate and multivariate statistical procedures in order to confirm or rule out the presence of chronic pancreatitis. The discriminatory power of the following parameters in duodenal fluid proved to be sufficiently high, with less than 15% frequency of misclassification: chymotrypsin (activity) and/or; lipase (activity) and/or; amylase (activity); viscosity. Under routine conditions measurement of the activity of two of these enzymes is sufficient. Their contribution to discrimination proved to be approximately equal. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the parameters bicarbonate, lipase (concentration), trypsin (activity) and volume of duodenal fluid are lower. The classification rules derived from the above pilot group were confirmed by a diagnostic study under routine condition in a test group of 38 patients. Limitation to examining only volume and a maximum of 3 parameters which proved best in distinguishing between patients with chronic pancreatitis and healthy subjects, together with the omission of the first-hour samples after a secretin bolus, considerably reduced laboratory workload without altering the discriminatory power of the secretin-ceruletide test.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Studies of duodenal juice after stimulation with the secretin-ceruletide test. Decision limits and evaluation of various parameters]. 137 50

A pancreatic carcinoma and liver metastases associated with marked elevation of the serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level were resected from a 57-year-old man. On microscopic examination, the tumor cells showed a predominantly acinar arrangement, with tubular and trabecular structures; in some foci it had features of a medullary pattern. Alpha-fetoprotein, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin were strongly demonstrated in tumor tissue by immunohistochemical techniques. A biochemical analysis of AFP on affinity sepharose columns revealed that the AFP derived from the tumor tissues was similar to that of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrastructural study showed that most of the tumor cells had abundant rough endoplastic reticulum and numerous zymogen granules. No squamoid corpuscles, neuroendocrine granules, bile production, or bile canaliculi were recognized. These findings suggest that this unique tumor originated from acinar cells.
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PMID:Alpha-fetoprotein-producing acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. 137 64

Changes in the activities of three gastric and nine pancreatic enzymes plus colipase were determined during postnatal development and weaning in calves. In calves exclusively milk-fed for 2, 7, 28, 56, 70 and 119 d, the enzyme activities per kilogram of empty live weight increased with age for chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases A and B, ribonuclease and alpha-amylase, decreased for chymosin, lysozyme and colipase but showed no change in the case of pepsin, trypsin, lipase and phospholipase A2 compared with animals at birth. The greatest increase was that in alpha-amylase activity (about 50-fold between d 2 and 119). In calves weaned between d 28 and 56, all the activities were higher than in milk-fed animals, except that of chymosin (which was slightly lower) and that of colipase (which did not change). At 119 d of age, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, alpha-amylase and lipase were 1.6- to fourfold higher in ruminants than in preruminants. Thus, most enzyme activities were modified first by colostrum and milk intake, and again upon weaning by development of the forestomachs and ingestion of solid food. These ontogenic patterns might be under the control of many gut regulatory peptides, the plasma concentrations of which changed simultaneously. Some gastric and pancreatic enzymes were correlated to plasma concentrations of these gut regulatory peptides.
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PMID:Gastric and pancreatic enzyme activities and their relationship with some gut regulatory peptides during postnatal development and weaning in calves. 137 46

Pancreatic juices were collected by selective reverse catherism of the chief pancreatic duct in two patients, one free from pancreatic disease and the other having a pancreas cancer. They were analysed in detail especially in order to get information on the mechanism of enzyme excretion. The variations of the digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B) were not superimposable among them or with the fluctuations of the protein concentration in the pancreatic juice samples. These results agree with a non-parallel enzyme-excretion mechanism by the pancreas. However deep electrophoresis analyses of pancreatic juice samples showed that the ratio of each digestive enzyme concentration remained almost constant in the same patient. This observation disagrees with the above conclusion and suggests that the data obtained by using classical methods for estimating digestive enzyme activities have to be considered prudently. By another way, two main significant differences were reported by analysing the ionic composition of the pancreatic juice samples following their origin. The pancreatic juice samples of the patient having a pancreas cancer had a lower and more variable Na+ concentration than those coming from the patient who was free from pancreas disease. They had a HCO3- concentration which was almost constant, contrary to what was observed for the pancreatic juice secreted by the other patient.
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PMID:[Detailed analysis of human pancreatic secretions collected by retrograde catheterization. Parallel or non-parallel excretion of digestive enzymes?]. 138 69

We have examined the microscopic appearance, immunohistochemical staining properties, and clinical behavior of 28 cases of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Two of the tumors occurred in children. The adult patients ranged in age from 40 to 81 years (mean, 62 years). Males greatly outnumbered females, and most of the patients were white. Presenting symptoms were nonspecific, and jaundice was infrequent. The frequently reported complications from increased serum lipase levels (i.e., arthralgias and subcutaneous fat necrosis) were present in only 16% of the patients. Grossly, the tumors were relatively circumscribed and fleshy, averaging 10.8 cm, with occasionally extensive hemorrhage and necrosis. Microscopically, the tumors were very cellular and characteristically lacked a desmoplastic stroma. Acinar, solid, trabecular, and glandular patterns of growth were identified; individual tumors were usually mixed. Nuclei were round to oval, with minimal pleomorphism and single prominent nucleoli. Mitotic activity was variable. In general the cytoplasm was moderately abundant, eosinophilic, and granular, but many of the solid tumors had cells with scanty cytoplasm. Characteristic periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules were demonstrated in greater than 90% of the cases, and the butyrate esterase histochemical stain for lipase activity was positive in 73%. Immunohistochemically, there was positivity for trypsin in 100% of the cases, for lipase in 77%, for chymotrypsin in 38%, and for amylase in 31%. A minor endocrine component was recognized with antibodies against chromogranin or islet cell hormones in 42% of the tumors. Ultrastructurally, exocrine secretory features were present, with polarized cells showing microvillilined lumina, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and 125-1,000-nm zymogen-like granules. In addition, many cases showed pleomorphic electron-dense granules measuring up to 3,500 nm and containing fibrillary internal structures. Follow-up information was available in 88% of the cases. Half of the patients had metastatic disease at presentation and an additional 23% subsequently developed metastases, which were usually restricted to the regional lymph nodes and liver. The mean survival for all cases was 18 months, with 1- and 3-year survivals of 57 and 26%, respectively. Patients presenting before age 60 years survived nearly twice as long as older patients did. Stage also influenced prognosis, whereas the histologic subtype of the tumors and the location within the pancreas correlated only weakly with survival.
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PMID:Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. A clinicopathologic study of 28 cases. 138 74


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