Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.1 (chymotrypsin)
 10,938 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-nine patients with tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP), 51 insulin-dependent diabetics (IDDMs), 87 non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NID-DMs), and 66 nondiabetic controls were studied to evaluate their exocrine pancreatic function by measurement of serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT, normal for white caucasians from the U.K. of 140-414 micrograms/L), pancreatic isoamylase (PIA, normal of 35-125 U/L), and fecal chymotrypsin (FCT, normal of greater than 6.6 u/g). The majority of patients were studied within 1 year of diagnosis. TCP subjects included 7 nondiabetics, 6 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT-TCP), and 36 diabetics [fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD)]. There was evidence of active pancreatitis (IRT greater than 800 micrograms/L) and partial preservation of function in nondiabetic TCP subjects [median IRT of 220 micrograms/L (range of 102-1,360 micrograms/L), FCT of 2.2 u/g (range 0.7-12.8 u/g)] and also in IGT-TCP subjects [IRT of 370 micrograms/L (range of 30-1,360 micrograms/L), FCT of 4.2 u/g (range of 1-38 u/g)]. FCPDs showed severely diminished exocrine function [IRT of 50 micrograms/L (range of 0-184 micrograms/L), FCT of 0.23 u/g (range of 0-10.4 u/g)]; none showed IRT greater than 800 micrograms/L. IDDMs and NIDDMs also showed diminished exocrine pancreatic function in approximately 30 and approximately 10%, respectively. Controls showed a wide range of IRT and FCT concentrations; IRT concentrations tended to be higher than those reported in white Caucasians from the U.K. Three controls, one IDDM, and two NIDDMs showed "pancreatic" IRT concentrations in the absence of symptoms. PIA concentrations were diminished in FCPD but were similar in IDDM and NIDDM subjects compared to controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pancreas 1990 Nov
PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function (serum immunoreactive trypsin, fecal chymotrypsin, and pancreatic isoamylase) in Indian diabetics. 228 Oct 79

Exocrine proteins contained in human pancreatic juice were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Pancreatic juice was saved by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the main pancreatic duct in 17 persons: 12 without pancreatic disease, 3 patients suffering from recurrent acute pancreatitis probably due to pancreas divisum, 1 patient with a carcinoma of the pancreas, and 1 patient with chronic calcified pancreatitis. The juice proteins were separated on a silica column (Nucleosil 300-7 RP) by use of a multistep acetonitrile/water gradient (+0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). Up to 18 individual peaks could be separated by one analytical run (60 min). Molecular weight analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of enzymes such as amylase, prophospholipase A2, procarboxypeptidases, trypsinogens, and chymotrypsinogens in certain peaks. Small residual enzymatic activities correlating with certain peaks were detected for amylase and chymotrypsin, and high residual activities were found for phospholipase A (recovery of enzymatic activity compared with the original sample amounted to 65%). Significant amounts of cathodic trypsin-like immunoreactivity were found in two certain peaks. By always loading 350 micrograms of protein/injection on the column the profiles of various samples showed similar patterns. Repeated injections of aliquots revealed highly reproducible profiles. RP-HPLC offers precise, reproducible, and rapid separation of the major proteins of human pancreatic juice.
Pancreas 1990 May
PMID:Resolution of human exocrine pancreatic juice proteins by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 234 40

Sera from patients of biliary, alcoholic, and idiopathic acute pancreatitis with severity scored from 1 to 5 based on the Ranson criteria were tested for proinsulin/insulin degrading activity. Proinsulin degrading activity by normal controls was 8 +/- 4% as compared with 22-78 +/- 17% with a mean of 45% by the patient sera. An order of magnitude increase of proinsulin degrading activity was accompanied by an order of magnitude increase of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsin(ogen) and (pro)elastase-2 as determined by radioimmunoassay with day 1 sera. Proinsulin degrading activity also showed a negative correlation with the clinical time course and dropped to normal by 6 days after admission. The decrease of proinsulin degrading activity was concomitant with a decrease of serum immunoreactive pancreatic serine proteases. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the proteolysis products showed the appearance of insulin and smaller peptides with no proinsulin conversion intermediates. Ninety to ninety-eight percent of proinsulin degrading activity was inhibited by anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) antiserum, or (Ac)Eglin-C(J141), and 52% by an elastase and chymotrypsin-specific inhibitor, MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-boroVal-pinacol. E64c, TLCK, alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI), or Trasylol inhibited proinsulin degrading activity by 10-17%, and anti-cathepsin B antiserum by 9%. The observed proinsulin degrading activity did not correlate with the Ranson's scores, age, sex, etiology, total serum immunoreactive insulin, calcium, albumin or alpha 2-M but had a negative correlation with serum alpha 1-PI (r = -0.55) and a positive correlation with serum esterase activity (r = .62).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pancreas 1990
PMID:Proteolytic degradation of human recombinant proinsulin/insulin by sera from acute pancreatitis patients and complete inhibition by Eglin-C. 240 52

The current study examines the effects of somatocrinin (GRF) and somatostatin antiserum (ASS) alone and in combination on pancreatic growth. Twenty-four-day-old rats were injected daily s.c. at 10:00 and 16:30 h for 14 days with either saline or GRF (4 and 20 micrograms X kg-1). ASS was given i.p. every other day. Pancreatic weights and DNA, RNA, protein, amylase, and chymotrypsin total contents and concentrations were evaluated at the end of treatment. GRF alone was associated with significant decreases in pancreatic weight and contents of protein, amylase, and chymotrypsin but with significant increases in total DNA content indicating pancreatic atrophy and hyperplasia. ASS alone has a slight effect on DNA content but potentiates GRF given at the dose of 4 micrograms X kg-1. Even though ASS reduced protein and enzyme contents, it prevented the large decreases observed with increasing doses of GRF. These data present for the first time effects of GRF and ASS on pancreatic growth and describe a strong interaction between the two products. It is yet too early to determine how these two substances work on the pancreatic acinar cells, but hypotheses on their possible mode of action are proposed.
Pancreas 1986
PMID:Effect of somatocrinin with or without a somatostatin antiserum on pancreatic growth. 243 58

Pancreatic insufficiency was induced in rats by a single injection of 50 microliter oleic acid into the pancreatic duct over a period of 3 min. Exocrine tissue was destroyed within 3-6 days, and after 6 weeks the remaining pancreas equaled 2.7% of the original organ. The rats showed retardation of body weight in spite of normal food intake. After 7 weeks the fecal weight increased by 23%, and the fecal chymotrypsin activity decreased by 90% compared to controls. At this time plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations were significantly elevated. The amylase content in the remaining pancreas was reduced by 99%, and trypsin content was reduced by 93%. Unstimulated protein discharge from the remnant pancreas in vitro was threefold higher compared to secretion from control tissue. Thus a simple, reproducible model for inducing persistent pancreatic insufficiency was developed. To compensate for the loss of exocrine tissue, the remaining acinar cells adapt by a CCK-mediated increase in protein secretion.
Pancreas 1986
PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function in oleic acid-induced pancreatic insufficiency in rats. 243 60

The appearance and activity of various porcine pancreatic hydrolases were studied during fetal and postnatal development. Quantitatively, the enzyme activities in activated pancreas homogenates were low but increased during the second half of the fetal period, using the substrates Bz-Arg-pNA for measuring anodal and cathodal trypsin, Suc-Phe-pNA (chymotrypsin A and C, and elastase II) and Suc-(Ala)3-pNA (elastase I and protease E). Postnatally, after an initial decrease during the first week, the enzyme activities increased markedly, especially from 10-14 weeks to 6 months. The individual hydrolases were identified after electrophoretic separation in agarose gel and staining with various substrates either directly in the gel or after transfer to nitrocellulose membranes (enzymoblotting). During the fetal period, chymotrypsin A and B, elastase II, carboxypeptidase A, and amylase appeared at approximately 65 days and anodal trypsin, at approximately 76 days. After birth, new proteinases appeared after the first week including chymotrypsin C, cathodal trypsin, and protease E, whereas elastase I was found from 5 weeks after birth. Concomitantly, unidentified "fetal proteinase(s)" with caseinolytic, Ac-Phe-beta NE and CBZ-Ala-beta NE activities began to diminish and disappeared 10-14 weeks after birth. This study showed a marked increase in the overall pancreatic enzyme activities, as well as an age-dependent expression of the variety of pancreatic hydrolases during porcine ontogeny.
Pancreas 1987
PMID:Development of porcine pancreatic hydrolases and their isoenzymes from the fetal period to adulthood. 244 72

Oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy generally benefits patients with severe pancreatic deficiency. However, the fate of oral pancreatic supplements in the digestive lumen and their possible effects on circulating gut hormones are only partially known. The purpose of this article is to validate an experimental model that produces total pancreatic insufficiency in pigs, and to study the fate of orally administered Eurobiol, a whole pancreas lyophilized preparation, and its effects on circulating plasma levels of five digestive hormones. Pancreatic insufficiency was created by pancreatic duct ligation, and the duodenal, jejunal and ileal contents were sampled through cannulas before a normal meal and 0.5-24 h later. Blood samples were taken at the same times, and plasma neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastrin were measured. In pigs with pancreatic insufficiency, Eurobiol, given during the meal, induced a significant increase in all enzyme activities in the duodenum and the jejunum, and in the levels of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the ileum, relative to placebo. In the duodenum, the peak concentrations of enzyme activities were 19, 11, 17, and 29% (p less than 0.001) of the postprandial peak activities measured in control pigs with an intact pancreas for lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, respectively. In the jejunum, the same activities were, respectively, 30, 11, 25, and 36% (p less than 0.01-0.001) of normal peaks. In pigs with pancreatic insufficiency, basal and integrated meal-stimulated neurotensin levels were increased; basal, peak, and integrated meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide and secretin levels were increased, whereas gastrin and CCK were not different from controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pancreas 1989
PMID:Total pancreatic insufficiency in pigs: a model to study intestinal enzymes and plasma levels of digestive hormones after pancreatic supplementation by a whole pancreas preparation. 247 98

This study was performed to assess the effects of misoprostol (M), a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, on experimental pancreatitis in rat. Pancreatitis was induced by ligation of the main pancreatic duct of 3-month-old male Wistar rats. Pancreatic lesions were observed at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). A time of 48 h was chosen to evaluate M treatment. M was injected intraperitoneally (500 micrograms/kg every 4 h) between time 0 and 48 h after PDL. Stereological analysis was performed on light and electron microscopy. Total pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsin concentrations were determined. Four groups of five rats were studied: sham operated (SO), M without PDL (PG), duct ligation without M (DL), and duct ligation with M (DLPG). Edema, dedifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells, and heterogeneous distribution of zymogen granule diameters observed after PDL were significantly decreased by M in the DLPG group. Enzyme concentrations were also decreased by M in the DLPG group. Enzyme concentrations were also decreased by M both in normal (PG) and duct ligated rats (DL). M has protective effects against pancreatic lesions induced by PDL. In this model, the protective effect of M may be due to a blockade of the autodigestive secretions of the pancreatic acinar cells.
Pancreas 1989
PMID:Protective effect of misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, on experimental pancreatitis induced by pancreatic duct ligation in rat. 247 2

Fecal chymotrypsin (FCT) has been measured by a new photometric method (Monotest Chymotrypsin; Boehringer, Mannheim) in 78 patients: 44 with chronic pancreatitis and 34 not affected by any pancreatic disease. The results were compared with those from other tests of pancreatic secretory (secretin-cerulein test) and digestive [serum and urinary p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and pancreolauryl] capacity. When FCT values were severely reduced (below 6.7 U/g), from 90 to 100% of the patients also presented abnormal pancreatic secretory and digestive capacity. On the other hand, 87% of the patients with normal FCT (above 20 U/g) presented normal secretory and digestive capacity. Patients with intermediate FCT values (between 6.7 and 20 U/g) showed normal or abnormal pancreatic secretory and digestive capacity with the same probability. Therefore, FCT, carried out as a first test, seems to identify subjects that need no further pancreatic function tests (normal and severely impaired FCT) and patients who need other more complex functional investigations (intermediate FCT values).
Pancreas 1989
PMID:The fecal chymotrypsin photometric assay in the evaluation of exocrine pancreatic capacity. Comparison with other direct and indirect pancreatic function tests. 273 75

Changes in content and recovery of pancreatic enzymes after a protein-free diet were examined in young (8-month) and old (26-month) Fischer-344 female rats. In control rats fed a normal diet for 15 days, no significant difference between young and old rats was observed in pancreatic weight or in pancreatic content of protein, enzymes, and DNA. A 7-day protein-free diet significantly decreased pancreatic wet weight as well as content of protein, chymotrypsin, amylase, and DNA in both age groups, whereas body weight and amount of daily food intake did not differ from respective control values (in normal diet-fed rats) in either age group. In young rats, chymotrypsin and protein contents were significantly greater than control values during the recovery period in which rats were fed a normal diet following the 7-day protein-free treatment. In contrast, these values in old rats remained lower than corresponding control values throughout the entire recovery period. These results agree with our previous study suggesting that aging probably attenuates the reserve capacity of the pancreas for enzyme secretion, but not its basal functions.
Pancreas 1989
PMID:Aging impairs pancreatic response to refeeding following a protein-free diet. 273 78


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