Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.1 (chymotrypsin)
 10,938 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to characterize the response of the pancreas to undernutrition during the critical neonatal growth phase, acquired postnatal malnutrition was induced in the rat, using the expanded litter. An experimental nursing litter of 16 rats and control litters of 7 to 8 rats were formed. At 19 days of age, the pups were killed. Mean pancreatic wet weight was decreased in the malnourished rat to a greater extent than the decrease in total body weight (49 versus 60%). Decreased organ weight was predominantly the result of a decrease in DNA content and cell number. Enzyme activities expressed per total organ were all diminished; lipase to the greatest extent; trypsin and amylase to an intermediate extent; followed by chymotrypsin and the carboxypeptidases. The specific activities of lipase and trypsin were decreased with lipase, the most severely effected. The low trypsin levels can be attributed to trypsin inhibitor. It is possible therefore, that only the specific activity of lipase is significantly decreased. The decrease in enzyme activities, expressed both as specific activities and as total organ activities were decreased in a nonparallel fashion.
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PMID:Effect of postnatal malnutrition on pancreatic zymogen enzymes in the rat. 31 98

Pancreatic enzyme activity in low birth weight (LBW) infants during the first postnatal week has been evaluated by analysing the chymotrypsin content of 198 stool specimens from 42 LBW infants with birth weights ranging between 750 and 2570 g. A wide variation in chymotryptic activity yet with a tendency to initially low values with a peak on the third day after birth was found. Small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants had significantly lower values than appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants. This is considered due to intra-uterine malnutrition with secondary pancreatic dysfunction in SGA infants. In screening program for cystic fibrosis or other defects of exocrine pancreatic activity, low stool chymotrypsin values cannot be considered pathological until after the fourth day of life.
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PMID:Chymotryptic activity in stool of low birth weight infants in the first week of life. 80 90

Pancreatic exocrine secretion was estimated in 180 normal control patients, free of abdominal and pancreatic disease, aged from 16 to 83 years. Duodenal juice was collected in two 15-min fractions after a single intravenous injection of 1 U/kg secretin + 3 U/kg CCK. Volume, maximal concentration and output of bicarbonate, lipase, phospholipase and chymotrypsin were estimated as well as minimal concentration and output of chloride and calcium. Each parameter was plotted against age, either individually or after separation into two age groups. Volume linearly increased up to the 3rd decade, and thereafter linearly decreased. Bicarbonate secretion paralleled fluid secretion and also decreased after the 3rd decade. The changes in chloride and calcium concentrations were different: concentrations linearly increased after the 3rd decade. Calcium concentration linearly increased with age (p less than 0.02) while chloride output was unchanged. The three enzymes that were studied linearly decreased in concentration as well as in output with age from the 3rd decade (p less than 0.02). Protein secretion decreased before water and bicarbonate secretion. One can conclude that pancreatic secretion changes in humans with age. Aging alters pancreatic secretion, through a decrease in flow rate, bicarbonate and enzyme secretion while calcium concentration is enhanced. Although not requiring substitutive therapy in the whole population, individual cases of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency might be explained by aging, without malnutrition.
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PMID:Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. 181 45

Skin lesions associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency are becoming better defined and understood. Deficiency in this major antiproteinase, which neutralizes multiple proteolytic enzymes ranging from collagenases and elastases to trypsin and chymotrypsin, thus results in significant tissue autodigestion. This anti-proteinase is secreted by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, suggesting the existence of homeostasis which titrates the release of proteolytic enzymes by these cells, and the adequate neutralization of these proteases in order to prevent excessive tissue autodigestion each time these inflammatory cells are activated. We report a patient with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency who, following insect bites and cellulitis developed widespread itching and scratching, leading to widespread lesions of prurigo nodularis. The colonization of his multiple skin lesions with Staphylococcus aureus and the release of potent T cell mitogens, such as Protein A and enterotoxin A from the bacterial cell membrane may have resulted in the release of additional proteolytic enzymes by the activated lymphocytes and macrophages, without the concomitant secretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin with subsequent aggravation of his pruritus. These concepts are supported by electron microscopic evidence of excessive tissue autodigestion, and by immunocytochemical data identifying the presence of T helper and T cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes as well as macrophages within the upper dermis.
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PMID:Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in a patient with widespread prurigo nodularis. 182 11

One hundred nineteen children, either French or from the Ivory Coast, aged 1-8 years, were submitted to pancreatic function testing by duodenal aspiration. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, phospholipase, amylase, volume, bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium were estimated before and after an intravenous injection of 1 CU secretin + 3 CHR units pancreozymin per kilogram of body weight. Sixty-two patients were normal European children, and 11 were normal African children. Twenty-five African children presented with kwashiorkor and 10 African children had presented with kwashiorkor but had recovered at the time of the test. Three cases of recurrent kwashiorkor are also included. In the normal group of African children, phospholipase concentration, volume, and bicarbonate were significantly decreased but chymotrypsin and trypsin concentrations were not, when compared to the normal European population. In kwashiorkor patients, lipase, amylase, phospholipase, and chymotrypsin concentration were significantly decreased compared to normal Africans. Trypsin, volume, and bicarbonate were not affected. These modifications disappeared after refeeding. In cases of recurrent kwashiorkor, all enzymes, including trypsin, were decreased. Calcium was never modified. These modifications were very different from those observed in chronic alcoholic and hypercalcemic pancreatitis. In a two-year study, chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) was diagnosed in 14 patients (13 males), hospitalized in Abidjan. The mean age at onset of the disease was 41 years (SD 12.71), which is very similar to European cases. The most frequent cause was alcoholism, as in Occidental countries. The nutrition of the population was low in protein, calories being provided mostly by manioc, but no apparent symptoms of malnutrition were observed in the parents of our patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function of children from the Ivory Coast compared to French children. Effect of kwashiorkor. 300 10

The fecal chymotrypsin (FC) levels in samples collected over 24 h were determined by a new commercial colorimetric method from Boehringer Mannheim in 82 children suffering from various pancreatic disorders. The patients were divided into 4 groups, in accordance with the following etiologies: cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP), chronic severe hepatic disorders (CSH), primary malabsorption syndrome (PMS) and malnutrition due to nondigestive causes (M). The control group comprised 48 children of similar ages. The 24th FC levels as U/g (mean +/- SD) were: 34 +/- 6 in the control group, 2 +/- 2 in the CFP group, 15 +/- 6 in the M group, 19 +/- 9 in the CSH group and 43 +/- 13 in the PMS group. The differences between the CFP patients and all the other groups were statistically significant. These results indicate that the FC levels may be suitable as a diagnostic indication of CFP and capable of differentiating between this disorder and other causes of pancreatic insufficiency.
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PMID:Fecal chymotrypsin levels in children with pancreatic insufficiency. 358 67

The relationship between digestive enzyme activities in the pancreas and pancreatic juice was studied in post-weaning rats fed on a low-protein diet (30 g cereal protein/kg) for 1 month and a refeeding balanced diet (235 g mixed protein/kg) for the following 3 months. A control group was fed on the balanced diet for 4 months. At the end of malnutrition and at various times of refeeding, activities of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and cholesterolesterase (EC 3.1.1.13) in pancreas and pancreatic juice were measured. Recovery of body and pancreas weights was obtained after 3 months of refeeding. Pancreas offered a higher resistance to the low-protein diet; a quicker recovery than that of the whole organism was observed during refeeding. Protein and RNA contents of pancreatic cells were depressed by protein depletion. At the end of refeeding, pancreatic and cell RNA contents were still depressed. In pancreas and pancreatic juice, protein depletion produced a decrease in enzyme activities, with the exception of phospholipase A2 and cholesterolesterase. During refeeding, activities were increased to various levels in pancreatic juice and pancreas. In pancreatic juice, a deficit in enzyme activities still prevailed at the end of refeeding. The retention thresholds (total activity in pancreas v. activity per h in pancreatic juice) of hydrolases were increased by malnutrition. They were all decreased by refeeding at various rates, but after 3 months of refeeding the thresholds were still markedly increased for all enzymes studied. After malnutrition and during refeeding, the dissociated enzyme activities in pancreas and pancreatic juice could be the expression of an alteration at different stages: synthesis, intracellular transport, storage mechanisms and secretion.
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PMID:Comparative changes between pancreas and pancreatic juice digestive enzyme contents during nutritional rehabilitation following severe protein malnutrition in the rat. 768 21

A subset of insulin requiring diabetes in the young (IRDY) is ketosis resistant. Its pathogenesis and pathophysiology remain ill defined. The current study was done to evaluate the exocrine and endocrine dysfunction in ketosis resistant young diabetics. Fecal chymotrypsin (unit/G), basal & stimulated c-peptide levels (pmol/ml) and sonographic evaluation of the pancreas were done in 59 IRDY patients: 34 ketosis resistant (KR) and 24 ketosis prone (KP). Fecal chymotrypsin levels in KR (11.1 +/- 3.4) and KP (10.3 +/- 5.1) were lower than in controls (22.4 +/- 7.3) (P < 0.01). KR subjects had better endogenous insulin reserves than KP subjects: the basal and stimulated c-peptide levels in KR patients (0.12 & 0.17) were higher than in KP subjects (0.06 and 0.07) (P < 0.05). A strong correlation was noted between the exocrine and beta cell dysfunction in KR subjects (r = 0.7, P < 0.05). Pancreas was smaller in KR and KP patients than in controls (P < 0.05) on sonography. Thus the resistance to ketosis is a reflection of the better preserved beta cell reserves in the KR patients. Loss of the trophic effect of insulin and associated malnutrition is responsible for their exocrine dysfunction.
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PMID:Ketosis resistant diabetes of the young: a profile of its exocrine and endocrine pancreatic dysfunction. 788 95

For assessment and monitoring of adequate enzymatic substitution the authors used repeated examinations of chymotrypsin in the faeces of 19 patients with insufficiency of external secretion (17 patients with chronic pancreatitis and two after duodenopancreatectomy on account of carcinoma of the pancreas). Adequate substitution (chymotrypsin > 6U/g faeces) is individual (1.8-7.2 g pancreatin--Kreon/day). The required dose may be higher in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in conditions following duodenopancreatectomy. When receiving adequate substitution treatment, the patients reported milder complaints, regression of pain and diarrhoea. In two patients with severe signs of malnutrition a satisfactory condition was achieved and their loss of body weight was arrested. The necessary dose of insulin in diabetic patients declined by 4-12 u/day. During treatment no adverse side-effects were found.
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PMID:[Substitution therapy in insufficient external pancreatic secretion]. 850 76

To test the hypothesis that relative pancreatic dysfunction is a determinant of catch up growth in small for gestational age (SGA) babies, 47 such babies (median gestation 38 weeks; range 27-41) and 41 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies matched for sex, race, and gestational age were recruited. Anthropometry was performed within 48 hours of birth and at 6 months. Faecal chymotrypsin activities were measured at 0-2 days, 14 days, 6 weeks and 6 months. At 6 months 30 SGA infants and 25 AGA infants were remeasured. In each group, median stool chymotrypsin activities doubled between 0-2 days and 6 months (9.0-25.5 IU/g SGA group; 11.6-25.3 IU/g AGA group). SGA babies had significantly lower chymotrypsin activities at 14 days (10.9 U/g) than AGA babies (15.5 U/g). In the SGA group faecal chymotrypsin activities at 0-2 days were strongly correlated with both catch up weight and with catch up length when corrected for the effects of birthweight. These data show that impaired pancreatic exocrine function at birth is associated with severe intrauterine malnutrition and with impaired catch up growth during the first 6 months of life.
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PMID:Catch up growth and pancreatic function in growth retarded neonates. 853 72


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