Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.16.2 (PCP)
 3,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Whole blood samples were collected from arrested D. U. I. subjects in two locations, by the U. S. Park Police (USPP) in and around Washington, D. C. and through a suburban police department (MLMP), for the purpose of detecting illicit drug use. All blood samples were screened using an adapted Abuscreen RIA to non-urine (blood) procedure for the following drugs: THC, Cocaine, PCP, and Opiates. Forensic samples were confirmed through GC/MS. Results and characteristics of drug offenders are presented. It was found that 39 percent of sampled offenders from the MLMP showed measurable levels of cannabinoids. 9.5 percent of sampled offenders from the USPP showed measurable levels of Phencyclidine. Recommendations are made for the processing of suspected drug impaired drivers.
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PMID:The drug impaired driver. Detection and forensic specimen analysis. 158 Oct 24

Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan.
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PMID:Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs. 268 30

Currently, average apparent consumption of alcohol for all persons older than 14 is 10 percent higher than 10 years ago, and is equivalent to about 2.75 gallons of ethanol per person per year. Approximately 10 million adult Americans (i.e., 7 percent of those 18 or older) can be considered problem drinkers. Youthful problem drinkers, aged 14 to 17, are estimated to number more than 3 million and comprise 19 percent of this age group. In addition to the social costs, the economic costs to society as a result of alcohol misuse are substantial--an estimated +49.4 billion in 1977. Ten percent of all deaths in the United States are alcohol-related. Cirrhosis, which is largely attributable to alcohol consumption, ranks among the 10 leading causes of death. Alcohol use also is associated with cancer of the liver, pancreas, esophagus, and mouth. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of possible harmful effects to the fetus--among them decreased birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and physical and mental birth defects. Drug misuse is also an expanding problem. There are some 16 million current marijuana users. The popularity of cocaine continues to increase--over 10 million Americans have tried cocaine at least once and there are an estimated 1 to 2 million current users. Misuse of barbiturates remains a significant problem with at least 1 million persons believed to misuse these drugs and the 30,000 estimated to be addicted to them. In addition, heroin addiction is still considered by many to be the most serious drug problem in the United States. Drug misuse leads to a number of social and health problems. Excessive doses of depressants can result in both physical and psychological dependence. The toll from heroin includes premature death and severe disability, family disruption, and crime committed to maintain the habit. Misuse of hallucinogens often results in emergency room visits. A special problem is the relationship of marijuana to automobile accidents, especially when used in combination with alcohol. While these events are disconcerting, progress has been made. National surveys indicate no changes in peak quantity consumed by teenagers 12 to 17 or in regularity of their drinking, between 1974 and 1978. Alcoholism mortality rates and alcoholic psychosis rates have shown little overall increase between 1950 and 1975. And similar encouraging trends have occurred in drug misuse. Several drug abuse data sources simultaneously have begun to reflect a down turn in use rates. These early indicators must be monitored overtime before conclusions as to their true significance can be evaluated.Nonetheless, the daily use of marijuana by high school seniors dropped from a peak of 10. 7 percent in 1978 to 7.0 percent in 1981. Daily regular cigarette smoking among seniors also declined dramatically-from 28 percent to 10 percent in the same period. The use of the hallucinogenic drug PCP also dropped markedly. Cocaine,heroin and sedative use among high school seniors remained relatively stable in terms of annual and lifetime prevalence, although the use of stimulants rose markedly. Of the 16 categories of drug use analyzed in the recent High School Senior Drug Use Survey, drug use in 15 categories was either stable or was decreasing(the second year of decline since the survey began in 1975).
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PMID:Health promotion: Alcohol and drug misuse prevention. 641 12

Trends in major drugs-of-abuse, cocaine, heroin/morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), and amphetamines, in Los Angeles County were reported. Death toil of drug abusers in Los Angeles County climbed up high in 1986 due to dramatic increase in cocaine-related deaths. Cocaine-related deaths were responsible for 66.0% (580 cases) of all drugs-of-abuse-related deaths in the first six months of 1988. In the same period, 212, 67, and 20 deaths were related to heroin/morphine, PCP, and amphetamines use, respectively. Emergency room mentions for cocaine in Los Angeles County have greatly been increased since 1982 and recorded 2,331 in the first six months of 1989. Also, heroin/morphine-related emergency room mentions in the County have steadily been increased since 1982 and reached 1,216 in the first six months of 1989. Contrary to these, PCP-related emergency room mentions in the County were decreased from 1,259 in the first six months of 1982 to 630 in those of 1989. There were only 174 emergency room mentions for amphetamines in the County in the first six months of 1989. In 1992, 5,754 patients were admitted to Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center for treatment of poisoning. Cocaine poisoning, 1,965 cases, was secondly frequent following ethanol poisoning, 2,132 cases. Thirdly and fourthly frequent poisoning were by heroin/morphine, 712 cases, and PCP, 218 cases, respectively. Drug abusers in an age group of 30s were encountered much more frequently at the Medical Center than those in any other age groups, and male dominated greater part of age groups of 30s or more.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Trends in drugs-of-abuse in Los Angeles County]. 806 69

Cocaine-mediated hepatotoxicity (CMH) requires cocaine (CCN) bioactivation by microsomal monooxygenase enzymes that results in cell death. Proposed mechanisms of toxicity involve reactive metabolites that covalently bind to hepatocellular proteins, depletion of cellular reducing equivalents through redox cycling, and/or the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that alter lipids and proteins. We have previously shown that phencyclidine (PCP) pretreatment potentiated CMH in CF-1 mice without increasing in vitro N-demethylation or N-hydroxylation of CCN. We have now further characterized PCP-potentiated CMH and determined that it is a dose- and time-dependent process, with PCP doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg for 3 days significantly increasing CMH. Immunohistochemistry and histology of livers from mice pretreated with PCP before CCN administration revealed a marked correlation between the regions of CCN metabolite binding and that of necrosis, whereas there was little binding or necrosis in vehicle-pretreated mice. Although hepatic GSH levels were not altered after repetitive PCP treatment alone, a sustained decrease (at least 6 h) in these levels was observed following CCN administration. Inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) abrogated PCP-potentiated CMH, although repetitive PCP treatment alone did not increase nitric oxide synthesis systemically or locally in hepatic tissue nor did lipopolysaccharide induction of NOS (without PCP) directly potentiate CMH. The precise mechanisms of PCP potentiation of CMH and involvement of NOS in CMH remain unclear, however, sustained depletion of GSH levels and increased hepatocellular binding of reactive cocaine metabolites have been demonstrated.
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PMID:The effects of phencyclidine pretreatment on cocaine-mediated hepatotoxicity in mice. 1131 47

Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in animals is relevant to drug relapse in humans. In the present study, we employed the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to investigate the extinction and reinstatement of the place-conditioned response, a model that is consistent with drug-seeking behavior. Cocaine-induced CPP was rendered in Swiss Webster mice and then extinguished after repeated saline injections (8 days) in both the previously cocaine-paired compartment and the saline-paired compartment. Following the extinction phase, the reinstatement of CPP was investigated. Cocaine-experienced mice were challenged with one of the following psychostimulants, cocaine (15 mg/kg), methamphetamine (METH; 0.5 mg/kg), methylphenidate (MPD; 20 mg/kg) and phencyclidine (PCP; 5 mg/kg). The priming injection of cocaine, METH and MPD, unlike PCP, induced a marked preference for the previously cocaine-paired compartment. This finding suggests that all three psychostimulants reinstated the CPP response, and METH and MPD substituted for the reinforcing cue of cocaine. A challenge injection of cocaine administered two and four weeks after the reinstatement of CPP indicated that CPP was maintained up to two weeks. The finding that METH and MPD but not PCP reinstated and supported cocaine-induced CPP suggests that the CPP paradigm may be a useful tool for drug discrimination studies and the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior.
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PMID:Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice: induction, extinction and reinstatement by related psychostimulants. 1175 Oct 40

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was used for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of 15 stimulatory drugs in water. Cocaine, amphetamine-related compounds, LSD, ketamine, PCP, fentanyl, and metabolites, among the controlled drugs, and nicotine, caffeine, and their metabolites, among the noncontrolled drugs, were studied. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 4.5 min, with improved peak resolution and sensitivity. Identification and quantification of the compounds of interest was performed by selected reaction monitoring, using an electrospray ionization source. Isotope dilution (except for paraxanthine) was used for quantitation. Quality parameters of the method were established, and limits of quantification were obtained for controlled drugs in surface waters from 0.1 to 3.1 ng/L and in wastewaters from 0.2 to 4.0 ng/L. Run-to-run and day-to-day precisions were evaluated in different water matrixes (Milli-Q water, surface water, wastewater). To assess the presence of these drugs in real water samples, the optimized method was applied to the analysis of wastewater and surface river water. The analysis of several samples from wastewater treatment plants in northeast Spain revealed the presence of drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine-related compounds, in both influent and effluent samples. Cocaine metabolite and MDMA (ecstasy) were also found in surface waters while nicotine and caffeine were detected in all the analyzed samples. The results obtained demonstrate that the presence of these drugs in the aquatic media must be considered a matter of environmental concern.
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PMID:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters. 1743 34