Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.16.2 (PCP)
 3,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan.
 ...
PMID:Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs. 268 30

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a major drug of abuse as well as a 'drug of choice' among substance abusers in the U. S. A. Unfortunately, PCP use may result in the development of psychotic behavior. PCP-induced psychosis is characterized by confusion, excitation, aggression, paranoia, hallucinations and delusions of grandeur and may evoke violent or suicidal behavior. Therefore, many patients suffering from PCP-induced psychosis have been diagnosed initially as schizophrenic. However, PCP-related research has not kept pace with the rise in abuse and PCP-induced psychosis. The neurochemical effects of PCP are not well defined at present, but both behavioral and biochemical studies suggest that it may interact with dopaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, GABAergic and enkephalinergic systems. In addition, the specific reversible, saturable, high affinity 3H-PCP binding site is discovered recently in rat brain. On the other hand, there is now a large body of evidence to suggest that opiate receptors may be subdivided into mu, sigma, kappa and delta receptors. On the basis of behavioral and binding studies, it is proposed that the sigma receptor and the PCP binding site are one and the same. This receptor interacts with PCP and psychotomimetic opioids to produce their psychotomimetic effects. In connection with this receptor, a trial to isolate an endogenous ligand produces psychotomimetic effects, "angeldustin" is progressing. This review has served to illustrate the paucity of information currently available on the central effects of PCP. However, our current notions of the mechanisms of action of PCP are very complicate. Such a review inevitably raises more question than it answers but it is hoped that these may stimulate further investigation in this field.
 ...
PMID:[Phencyclidine, a drug which induces psychosis: its neuropharmacological actions]. 639 56

Both stimulant-induced and phencyclidine (PCP)-induced psychoses have been proposed as models of the idiopathic psychosis of schizopherenia. In this two-part study, the phenomenology of the psychosis associated with a period of cocaine intoxication was evaluated retrospectively in 34 male crack cocaine-dependent patients without concomitant psychiatric disorder and then was compared with the psychosis of 16 actively psychotic schizophrenic men (without a history of drug or alcohol abuse in the past year). Certain First Rank Schneiderian Symptoms (FRSS) were more commonly observed in the schizophrenic patients (e.g., thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal) than in the cocaine addicts. In the second part of this study, we retrospectively examined the cocaine and PCP experiences of an additional 22 cocaine addicts who had a past history of separate periods of cocaine and PCP use. Overall, the frequency of FRSS recalled during periods of cocaine and PCP intoxication was similar. However, the psychosis related to cocaine intoxication was more associated with an intense suspiciousness and paranoia related to a fear of being discovered or harmed while using cocaine. PCP-induced psychosis was less associated with suspiciousness and more associated with delusions of physical power, altered sensations, and unusual experiences [e.g., out of body experiences, experiencing religious figures or events directly (e.g., being with Noah at the time of the Arc)]. As elements of both cocaine and PCP psychosis can be found in schizophrenia, a model integrating the mechanisms of several psychotogenic drugs may be more informative. Such an integrative model might better capture the heterogeneity of psychotic symptoms that can be seen in schizophrenia. Furthermore, different pharmacologic interventions (e.g., "anti-stimulant" versus "anti-PCP") might address different aspects of the positive symptom picture in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Phenomenologic comparison of the idiopathic psychosis of schizophrenia and drug-induced cocaine and phencyclidine psychoses: a retrospective study. 931 84

Recent drug-use monitoring among Houston adolescents has detected a concoction of cigarettes or marijuana sticks laced with embalming fluid and PCP ("fry"). To shed light on this mixture, the current pilot study used a qualitative approach to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with fry initiation and perceived addiction among 38 youth who were attending outpatient and inpatient drug-user treatment programs in the spring of 2003. Respondents perceived that addiction to fry could occur as early as initial consumption, and the majority of participants indicated that their second fry event occurred either the same day as their initial use or the next day. In addition, fry use was perceived to have extremely dangerous consequences. Youth stated that users have impaired motor skills, hallucinations, long-term mental health problems, incoherent behavior, paranoia, and aggressive behaviors. Implications for these results are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Beliefs and social norms about cigarettes or marijuana sticks laced with embalming fluid and phencyclidine (PCP): why youth use "fry". 1583 Jul 37