Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.16.2 (PCP)
 3,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Violence associated with chronic phencyclidine (PCP) abuse was investigated by administering a structured interview to 16 chronic PCP abusers. A more intensive study was done of another individual who committed murder and self-mutilation under the influence of PCP. The results suggest that there is no consistent association between PCP-related violence and a history of violence not related to drug or alcohol abuse. The author defines four types of violence associated with chronic PCP abuse.
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PMID:Violence associated with phencyclidine abuse. 50 11

A review of police records for the nine-year period from 1974 to 1982 identified 20 men who died following restraint by an upper-body control hold while in the custody of a large, urban police department. Using evidence from autopsy findings and police reports of events immediately preceding death, we concluded that control-hold use was associated with death in 19 of the 20 cases. This investigation points to three factors potentially associated with control hold-related death that deserve further investigation: Phencyclidine (PCP) use, sickle cell trait, and stress-related arrhythmias in the heart. PCP was detected in blood or other tissues from 6 of 17 decedents tested. Intravascular red blood cell sickling was found at autopsy in 4 of 14 black decedents (29%). Four decedents had some indication of cardiovascular abnormalities.
Violence Vict 1990
PMID:Mortality associated with the use of upper-body control holds by police. 227 99

A survey of 104 deaths involving phencyclidine (PCP) occurring from 1981 through 1986 in metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, is presented. Four black males (22-33 yr) died from fatal PCP intoxication. PCP was detected in an additional 100 deaths: 81 homicides, 13 suicides, and 6 accidental deaths. Seventy-five of these deaths were homicides of Black males (mean age 27 years) typically dying from gunshot wounds, 64 cases. In 50% of deaths where PCP was detected, other drugs were co-administered: ethanol (35%) and cocaine (20%) being the most common mixtures. A dramatic continuous increase in PCP abuse from 1984 through 1986 was demonstrated by drug abuse indicator data: treatment admissions, emergency room episodes, police exhibits, and driving under the influence of PCP arrests. Increased abuse of PCP in St. Louis has been associated with increased medical emergencies and violence against persons.
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PMID:Phencyclidine and violent deaths in St. Louis, Missouri: a survey of medical examiners' cases from 1977 through 1986. 228 25

Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse has diminished since PCP's intrusion into American culture in the late 1970s. One of its legacies is the assumption that it provokes violent behavior in humans with predictable regularity. This assumption is so accepted that ingestion of the drug both accidentally and knowingly prior to committing a crime has been used as a defense in criminal trials. We reviewed 81 clinical reports of toxicity in humans published chiefly in North American medical journals. We searched for descriptions of violent behavior in these reports and subjected them to the following questions: (1) Was the violent behavior corroborated or only self-reported? (2) Was the presence of PCP confirmed by analysis of bodily fluids or postmortem tissue? (3) Was the presence of other drugs excluded by similar analysis of bodily fluids? We had planned to examine the reports to see whether clinicians sought evidence of previous violent behavior, but such an inquiry was rarely conducted. Of the hundreds of patients described, only three satisfied these criteria. Further, some of the papers offered evidence that reports of violence were exaggerated. These findings plus the pre-1970 prospective evaluation of thousands of patients with PCP, in which violence was never reported, led us to conclude that clinical and forensic assumptions about PCP and violence are not warranted.
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PMID:Phencyclidine and violence: clinical and legal issues. 306 80

Phencyclidine (PCP), a widely abused drug currently, has multiple pharmacological actions, including psychotomimetic [1], anesthetic [2], sympathomimetic [2], anticholinergic [3-7], and dopaminergic [8-10]. Similarly, PCP intoxication in man can present with diverse symptoms: schizophrenia-like delusions and hallucinations; mania; violence, dyskinetic, catatonic, or stereotyped movements; hypertension; and coma [11, 12]. There is general agreement that the treatment of PCP intoxication includes support of vital functions and acidification of the urine [13]. However, there is no known specific antidote for PCP toxicity. Although diazepam [13], haloperidol [14, 15], and chlorpromazine [16] have been reported to improve the agitation and psychotic symptoms caused by PCP, the therapeutic efficacy of these agents has rarely been documented with objective clinical measures. Recently we found that intramuscular physostigmine and haloperidol [17, 18] improved several symptoms of acute PCP intoxication as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [19].
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PMID:Phencyclidine intoxication: assessment of possible antidotes. 713 17

In 1,000 cases of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication evaluated at the time of first examination in an emergency department, the incidence of "typical" findings was found to be lower than has been reported previously. Nystagmus and hypertension occurred in only 57% of our cases; some patients had only one of these findings and many had neither. The incidence of violence was 35%; bizarre behavior, 29%; and agitation, 34%. Changes in sensorium consisted of coma, lethargy/stupor, and acute brain syndrome; however, 46% of patients were alert and oriented. Motor signs included grand mal seizures, generalized rigidity, localized dystonias, catalepsy, and athetosis. Profuse diaphoresis, hypersalivation, bronchospasm, and urinary retention occurred in less than 5%. A small percentage had severe disturbances in vital signs, including three cases (0.3%) of cardiac arrest and 28 cases (2.8%) of apnea. Hypoglycemia and elevated serum CPK, uric acid, and SGOT/SPGT were common. Urine PCP levels did not correlate with the severity of the clinical findings.
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PMID:Acute phencyclidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases. 722 71

Previous studies indicate that PCP users have different characteristics from other drug users and that female PCP use is more common than use among males. Furthermore, there is evidence that those who respond to PCP with violence may differ from those who do not. This study attempted to examine comprehensively the psychological, behavioral, and background factors among female jail inmates that may contribute to a PCP preference and subjects' perception of various behavioral states while using PCP. Female PCP users were further examined relative to male PCP users to differentiate them on the basis of these perceptual factors. A distinction was further made between females and males prone to PCP-induced violence and those who do not become violent with respect to the above psychological and behavioral measures. Our results showed differences between male and female PCP users that are discrepant with the assumption that men and women perceive similar drug-related experiences. In particular, female PCP using subjects reported more dysphoria and aggressiveness when not using PCP, while male subjects were more likely to report aggressive behavior and dysphoria under the influence. Overall, these results suggest that males who prefer PCP may be self-stimulating and females who prefer PCP may be attempting to self-medicate.
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PMID:Female PCP-using jail detainees: proneness to violence and gender differences. 873 May 18

Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic that is being used in non-medical contexts. The effects of ketamine are very similar to those of phencyclidine, another dissociative anaesthetic that has enjoyed considerable popularity as a recreational drug. The effects of ketamine include analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, dissociation, hallucinations and anaesthesia. The potential dangers of uncontrolled ketamine use include psychosis and violence, accidents and marked psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Although studies have shown potential for tolerance to and physical dependence on ketamine, further investigation of these phenomena is needed. Ketamine is thought to produce most of its effects through antagonist activity at the PCP site of the NMDA receptor complex. Ketamine has sympathomimetic properties resulting from enhancement of catecholamine, and particularly dopamine, activity. While opioid receptor activity has been identified, this is relatively weak and the contribution to the effects of ketamine is not clear. Although much is known of the clinical uses and effects of ketamine, as yet little is understood of ketamine as a recreational drug and potential drug of dependence.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of ketamine. 1620 65

Low income, urban children with asthma are experiencing community violence that may contribute to asthma morbidity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caregiver report of feeling unsafe, seeing community violence or child seeing community violence and asthma morbidity and health care utilization. Two hundred thirty-one caregivers of children with asthma enrolled in an asthma,education, intervention reported perceptions of safety and violence exposure in six months and frequency of child asthma symptoms, emergency department (ED), primary care (PCP) visits and hospitalizations over 12 months. Children were primarily male (93%), black (61%), and reported income <$30,000 (56%). Violence exposure was high: feeling unsafe (25%), seeing violence themselves (22%), child saw violence (14%). If caregivers or children saw violence, there were significantly more nighttime symptoms than those who were not exposed (caregiver: yes violence = 6.72 +/- 9.19, no violence = 4.23 +/- 6.98, P = 0.03; child: yes violence = 7.09 +/- 7.15, no violence = 4.37 +/- 9.49, P = 0.05). Children who saw violence were less likely to see their PCP. Families exposed to community violence report more asthma symptoms, but are less likely to seek care for asthma. Health care providers and asthma educators should evaluate potential violence exposure with asthma patients and tailor care and education to include violence prevention and avoidance.
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PMID:The effect of violence on asthma: are our children facing a double-edged sword? 1858 Dec 15

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between methamphetamine use and homicide. To carry out this study, data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities were combined to create a case-control design. The main exposure measure is methamphetamine use and the main outcome measure is homicide. Results suggest that the odds of committing a homicide are nearly 9 times greater for an individual who uses methamphetamine. More importantly, the association between methamphetamine use and homicide persists even after adjusting for alternative drug use (i.e., alcohol, heroin, crack, cocaine, PCP, LSD), sex, race, income, age, marital status, previous arrests, military experience, and education level. Methamphetamine was the only drug use variable that was strongly correlated with homicide. These results support recent clinical studies that suggest methamphetamine use is different than other drug use in its effects on violence.
J Interpers Violence 2009 Jun
PMID:National case-control study of homicide offending and methamphetamine use. 1893 16


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