Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.16.2 (PCP)
 3,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Use of phencyclidine is a diverse phenomenon with wide variations in both the amount taken and the frequency of use. There is a large group of persons who have tried PCP once or twice and discontinued using. One of the key distinctions pointed out by this exploratory study relates to the feelings of control persons have over the effects of the drug. The PCP user who is not bothered by the lack of control is more likely to feel good and party with others when using and is more likely to have high use patterns. Feelings of control over the effects of PCP indicate an important individual difference in understanding reactions to PCP use and further research should systematically examine this phenomenon. There has been a discrepancy between our conceptions of PCP use and the actual patterns of use found in the United States. It appears that at this time most persons in the drug abuse field are willing to accept the fact that PCP is a drug of choice among young people and that some as yet unspecified proportion of users is able to use PCP and avoid major problems. While there remains much speculation about the motivation for use and the effects of such use, it would apper that we are ready to engage in research which systematically looks at the spectrum of users.
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PMID:Patterns of phencyclidine use. 10 67

Analytical methods developed for the Finnigan MAT ITS40 gas chromatograph-ion trap mass spectrometer (GC/MS) were evaluated for the confirmation of drugs-of-abuse in urine. The specific drugs evaluated are those listed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA): 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-carboxy-THC), benzoylecgonine (BE), codeine and morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Drugs were extracted from urine using solid-phase columns, separated by capillary gas chromatography, and analyzed by ion trap mass spectrometry following electron impact ionization. All drugs except PCP were derivatized prior to analysis. The full scan limits of detection (LOD), quantitation (LOQ), and linearity were 2.5, 5.0, and 1000 ng/mL, respectively, for 9-carboxy-THC; 37, 75, and 5000 ng/mL for BE; 50, 100, and 2500 ng/mL for the opiates; 0.25, 0.50, and 500 ng/mL for PCP; and 50, 100, and 5000 ng/mL for the amphetamines. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) met the minimum criteria for the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and spectral match criteria for drug identification. Absolute LODs and LOQs (in ng/mL) for the ITS40 based on single ion monitoring of blank urines were: 0.8 and 2.0 for 9-carboxy-THC; 8.9 and 25 for BE; 3.3 and 9.6 for codeine; 6.2 and 16.7 for morphine; 0.25 and 0.32 for PCP; 0.7 and 2.0 for amphetamine; and 2.4 and 5.7, for methamphetamine, respectively. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5 to 10%, and analytical recoveries were in the range of 90-114%. The ion trap mass spectrometer permits full scan identification of drugs while maintaining analytical LOQ that are below NIDA guidelines, and has equivalent or better detection limits to quadrupole analyzers for high sensitivity applications.
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PMID:Evaluation of full-scanning GC/ion trap MS analysis of NIDA drugs-of-abuse urine testing in urine. 152 18

A survey of 104 deaths involving phencyclidine (PCP) occurring from 1981 through 1986 in metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, is presented. Four black males (22-33 yr) died from fatal PCP intoxication. PCP was detected in an additional 100 deaths: 81 homicides, 13 suicides, and 6 accidental deaths. Seventy-five of these deaths were homicides of Black males (mean age 27 years) typically dying from gunshot wounds, 64 cases. In 50% of deaths where PCP was detected, other drugs were co-administered: ethanol (35%) and cocaine (20%) being the most common mixtures. A dramatic continuous increase in PCP abuse from 1984 through 1986 was demonstrated by drug abuse indicator data: treatment admissions, emergency room episodes, police exhibits, and driving under the influence of PCP arrests. Increased abuse of PCP in St. Louis has been associated with increased medical emergencies and violence against persons.
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PMID:Phencyclidine and violent deaths in St. Louis, Missouri: a survey of medical examiners' cases from 1977 through 1986. 228 25

Drug abuse is on the rise in Mississippi. Treatment centers across the state report significant increases in substance abuse cases. Consequently, family physicians must have the most current, accurate information available and the skills with which to treat either an acute crisis or the chronic problems related to drug abuse. The authors present an overview of the clinical presentations and management of some of the most widely used designer drugs: crack, ecstasy and PCP.
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PMID:Update on street drugs in Mississippi. 261 25

The pattern of alcohol and drug abuse among 78 consecutive newly admitted patients to a middle Tennessee state hospital psychiatric ward was examined. There was a high prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, hypnotic sedative, and stimulant abuse among this patient population within 1 month prior to their hospitalization. However, only 1 patient gave a history of PCP abuse and none of the 76 plasma samples analyzed by the GCN and GC2-N methods was positive for PCP or its common analogues. This study does not support a high prevalence of PCP abuse among this group of psychiatric patients.
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PMID:Drug abuse among state hospital psychiatric inpatients with particular reference to PCP. 401 23

Currently, average apparent consumption of alcohol for all persons older than 14 is 10 percent higher than 10 years ago, and is equivalent to about 2.75 gallons of ethanol per person per year. Approximately 10 million adult Americans (i.e., 7 percent of those 18 or older) can be considered problem drinkers. Youthful problem drinkers, aged 14 to 17, are estimated to number more than 3 million and comprise 19 percent of this age group. In addition to the social costs, the economic costs to society as a result of alcohol misuse are substantial--an estimated +49.4 billion in 1977. Ten percent of all deaths in the United States are alcohol-related. Cirrhosis, which is largely attributable to alcohol consumption, ranks among the 10 leading causes of death. Alcohol use also is associated with cancer of the liver, pancreas, esophagus, and mouth. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of possible harmful effects to the fetus--among them decreased birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and physical and mental birth defects. Drug misuse is also an expanding problem. There are some 16 million current marijuana users. The popularity of cocaine continues to increase--over 10 million Americans have tried cocaine at least once and there are an estimated 1 to 2 million current users. Misuse of barbiturates remains a significant problem with at least 1 million persons believed to misuse these drugs and the 30,000 estimated to be addicted to them. In addition, heroin addiction is still considered by many to be the most serious drug problem in the United States. Drug misuse leads to a number of social and health problems. Excessive doses of depressants can result in both physical and psychological dependence. The toll from heroin includes premature death and severe disability, family disruption, and crime committed to maintain the habit. Misuse of hallucinogens often results in emergency room visits. A special problem is the relationship of marijuana to automobile accidents, especially when used in combination with alcohol. While these events are disconcerting, progress has been made. National surveys indicate no changes in peak quantity consumed by teenagers 12 to 17 or in regularity of their drinking, between 1974 and 1978. Alcoholism mortality rates and alcoholic psychosis rates have shown little overall increase between 1950 and 1975. And similar encouraging trends have occurred in drug misuse. Several drug abuse data sources simultaneously have begun to reflect a down turn in use rates. These early indicators must be monitored overtime before conclusions as to their true significance can be evaluated.Nonetheless, the daily use of marijuana by high school seniors dropped from a peak of 10. 7 percent in 1978 to 7.0 percent in 1981. Daily regular cigarette smoking among seniors also declined dramatically-from 28 percent to 10 percent in the same period. The use of the hallucinogenic drug PCP also dropped markedly. Cocaine,heroin and sedative use among high school seniors remained relatively stable in terms of annual and lifetime prevalence, although the use of stimulants rose markedly. Of the 16 categories of drug use analyzed in the recent High School Senior Drug Use Survey, drug use in 15 categories was either stable or was decreasing(the second year of decline since the survey began in 1975).
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PMID:Health promotion: Alcohol and drug misuse prevention. 641 12

Drug abuse patterns are examined for 326,611 males and females who abused drugs and were treated at a hospital emergency room or died. The data reveal a marked percentage difference between male and female mentions of heroin, PCP, and diazepam. A significantly larger proportion of females than males indicated their motivation for drug abuse to be a suicide attempt or gesture. Diazepam, alcohol-in-combination, and aspirin are the most frequently mentioned drugs by those whose motivation is suicidal. However, the percentage difference between males and females for these three drugs is less than 6%. The data were collected during the years 1976-1979.
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PMID:Sex differences in substance abuse: 1976-1979. 682 67

Phencyclidine (PCP) can be detected in human hair wih commercially available radioimmunoassay regents. hair samples of all subjects admitting PCP use were positive, while thin-layer chromatographic urine analyses were positive in only one of seven cases. Presumably the drug is incorporated into the hair during periods of drug use and then retained in that particular section of the hair for its lifetime. Earlier results in this laboratory in a more detailed study of opiate retention in hair indicated not only that nanogram levels of the drug could be measured in a single strand of hair, but also that sectional analysis of the strand could indicate the time of drug use. The PCP results again suggest that the hair sample could serve as a valuable tool in the determination of drug abuse histories. The sample accessibility and stability and the long-term retention of the drugs in hair exemplify the potential advantages of the hair sample over the body fluid sample.
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PMID:Detection of phencyclidine in hair. 725 70

Diagnostic concordance of DSM-III, DSM-IV and ICD-10 was tested in a heterogeneous unrestricted sample of 370 clinical cases drawn from a regional consortium. Agreement for abuse/harmful use, dependence, and the collapsed category of 'any diagnosis' was studied across eight drug classes. A probabilistic approach to the cross-classifications based on configural frequency analysis was applied, permitting the computation of four indices of agreement. In contrast to earlier studies, ICD-10 appeared to be the most inclusive system, and often diagnosed cases that were undiagnosed by both DSMs. Generally satisfactory coherence between the ICD-10 harmful use category and the DSM category of abuse was found, but this agreement was often due to a preponderance of negative or undiagnosed cases; disagreement was common on which cases in particular warrant a mild diagnosis. In general, the greatest diagnostic concordance was observed for sedative/hypnotics, opiates and alcohol, the poorest for amphetamines, cocaine and PCP. The analytic approach produced an array of cross-system relationships that are more complex and conditional than those previously reported, and scientists and clinicians are cautioned to study particular drugs, diagnostic levels and measures of concordance before applying cross-system results to their own data or design needs.
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PMID:Diagnostic concordance of substance use disorders in DSM-III, DSM-IV and ICD-10. 788 10

This article is an exploration of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Technical Review on the role of glutamatergic systems in the development of opiate addiction. The effects of "glutamate antagonist" medications on opioid tolerance and withdrawal are examined. In rodents, mu opioid tolerance can be inhibited by noncompetitive N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists [MK801, dextromethorphan (DM), ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP)], competitive NMDA receptor antagonists (LY274614, NPC17742, LY235959), partial glycine agonists (ACPC), glycine antagonists (ACEA-1328), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors [L-NNA, L-NMMA, methylene blue (MB)]. Similarly, some of the symptoms of opioid withdrawal observed in opioid-dependent rodents also can be inhibited by noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists (MK801, DM, ketamine), competitive NMDA receptor antagonists (LY274614), glycine antagonists (felbamate), and NOS inhibitors (L-NNA, L-NMMA, L-NAME, L-NIO, 7-NI, MB). There are some serious toxicological effects associated with the administration of some of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in rodent but not in squirrel monkey brain, and some medications induce PCP-like behavioral effects. The medications with the most immediate clinical appeal are those that could be coadministered with methadone to decrease mu opioid tolerance and dependence; they include DM, MB, 7-NI, ACPC, and ACEA-1328.
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PMID:The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on opioid tolerance and withdrawal. Medication development issues for opiate addiction. 874 52


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