Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Scolices and brood capsules of healthy hydatid cysts from lungs of human patients were studied with histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. The subtegumental and flame cells were sepcially rich in glycogen, RNA and some dehydrogenases such as SDH, MDH, NADH-reductase and G-6-PDH. The rostellar zone or invaginated pole, an area of marked contractile movements, showed intense activity in ATP'ase and simple esterase. The so-called excretory pole shows strong activity in simple esterases, lipase, beta-HBH, alpha-GDH and NADPH-reductase. Lipids are also abundant in this zone implying the important role of this metabolic path in the development of the parasite. Intense activity in alkaline phosphatase was observed in cells associated to the calcereous corpuscles. The largest corpuscles were devoid of enzymatic activity. The enzyme could play some role in the calcification of the corpuscles. Wide enzymatic variations are described according to morphology being orthoscolices the most rich in enzyme activity. Accumulations of small cells surrounded by specialized cells on the germinal membrane are interpreted as the origin or "embryo" of brood capsules. Some enzymes detected in the wall of mature brood capsules depicted alternating types of cells. Some of them are positive for ATP'ase that may be related to active transport of substances across the brood capsule wall. The intenst ATP'ase activity at the stalks of scolices may be similarly interpreted. However, a miosine-like activity is a more feasible explanation since this area showed striking contractile movements in vivo.
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PMID:Histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus Batsch, 1786). II. Scolices and brood capsules. 13 Jul 50

In a detailed study focused on the methodological problems in dehydrogenase histochemistry [e.g., fixation, diffusion of enzymes and of reduced inermediates, conversion of NADPH and NADP to NADH and NAD, respectively, penetration of tetrazolium salt and formazan substantivity, 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction, use of exogenous CoQ10 and of flavoprotein substitute (PMS)], the distribution and activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-tetrazolium reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (H and M types), and of L-glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.2 and E.C.1.4.1.3) have been investigated in the rat cerebellum. It was evident from the study that reliable results could only be obtained if all the aforementioned factors had been considered. The image of actual concentration of SDH in the neuropil of the molecular layer could only be recorded by adding CoQ10, while other structures exhibited greater balance between SDH and endogenous mitochondrial CoQ. Contrary to previous studies, a reversed localization of the activity of G-6-PDH and LDH was noticed. The elements of molecular and Purkinje layers were rich in G-6-PDH, while the granular layer was nearly depleted. The actual level of LDH could only be recorded if NADH-tetrazolium reductase was bypassed with PMS. The H and M types of LDH coexisted in the three cortical layers, the H type being prevalent and the M type attaining its highest level in synaptic glomeruli followed by the structures of the molecular layer and the Purkinje cells. High activity of GDH was noticed in Bergmann glia followed by synaptic glomeruli, while most other structures showed weak to moderate activity. The two GDH types coexisted in all structures showing activity, except for Bergmann cells, which only showed presence of the E.C. 1.4.1.3 type. Furthermore, Bergmann glia was exceptional by showing no activity of SDH and LDH, but strong activity of G-6-PDH and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. The granular cells were exceptional by showing weak or no activity of all enzymes in question.
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PMID:Methodological aspects of the histochemical localization and activity of some cerebellar dehydrogenases. 66 87

The glutathione status of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes of mice was determined in correlation to the intraerythrocytic stage of maturation of the parasite. The different stages of blood schizogony were separated by discontinuous Dextran-density-centrifugation. The changes of protein content, glutathione concentration (reduced/oxidized and bound/free glutathione) and in the specific activities of the following enzymes: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine-synthetase (GC-synthetase), glutathione-reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gl-DH), glutathione-peroxydase (G-POD) and catalase were investigated in dependence of the intraerythrocytic stage of development. The following changes of the investigated metabolic parameters were observed during the schizogony: - the protein content decreased to about one half, - the glutathione concentration increased about 10-fold, while the relations reduced/oxidized and free/bound glutathione remained constant, - Gl-DH activity appeared and increased steeply, - the specific activities of GC-synthetase and of GR increased more than 2-fold, while G-POD remained almost constant, - and the activities of G-6-PDH and catalase showed a significant, strong decrease to about 25% of the original values. It is tried to relate the observed changes to the growing parasite or to the host cell. The significance of the results for the metabolism of malaria parasites and for a possible adaptation to the mosquito by a GSH mediated protection of the malaria parasite against an enzymatic defence-reaction of the mosquito, is discussed.
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PMID:[Glutathionestatus of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes in correlation to the intraerythrocytic development of the parasite (author's transl)]. 121 29

Two years of prescriptions for all the drugs included in the Italian National Formulary by 3,866 general practitioners, in a region of Northern Italy of almost 4 million inhabitants, were analysed to determine the pattern of drug use. The data (official code and proprietary name of the drug, number of packages prescribed, price of the drug, dispensing pharmacy, and date of dispensing) were collected monthly by retail pharmacies and were recorded and organized in database files. Quantitative and qualitative profiles of prescription patterns were studied for all the major therapeutic areas. Overall drug prescriptions averaged 600 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day. Comparison of 1988 and 1989 data showed only a slight increase in total drug prescriptions, but greater changes were detected in certain drug groups, especially those recently marketed. Overprescription of well-documented drugs, such as H2-antagonists, ACE-inhibitors, calcium antagonists and the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, in comparison to other countries was shown. There was frequent prescribing of drugs devoid of documentation of their clinical efficacy, which were mainly given for clinical conditions lacking a specific treatment, or as placebos for minor disorders. The data demonstrate the need for educational intervention to improve the quality of drug prescribing habits in primary health care in Italy.
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PMID:Drug utilization in general practice: prescribing habits of National Formulary drugs by GPs of Emilia Romagna (Italy) in 1988 and 1989. 151 5

Hyperfiltration is a very characteristic feature in insulin-dependent diabetes. Hyperfiltration is to some extent associated with long-term glycemic control but the correlation is not very strong. Long-term hyperfiltration may play a role in the genesis of late diabetic nephropathy, but it is difficult to distinguish effects of hyperfiltration per se from effects of poor metabolic control. Long-term hyperfiltration without diabetes does not produce nephropathy. It is hypothesized that IDDM patients who do not show considerable hyperfiltration in spite of poor metabolic control may be those who are to some extent protected against late diabetic nephropathy, but other mechanisms may also be involved in the renal protection of these patients, who survive long-term diabetes without nephropathy. On the other hand, those with poor metabolic control combined with hyperfiltration are likely to develop nephropathy. In addition, it is suggested that the metabolic aberrations in diabetes, with the subsequent changes in the biochemistry of the glomerular wall, are permissive and absolutely required for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Of note, diabetic glomerulopathy in NIDDM occurs without significant hyperfiltration and extreme hyperfiltration in the one-kidney-model (without diabetes) does not produce nephropathy. Nonglycemic modalities of intervention, resulting in reduced hyperfiltration, e.g., low-protein diet or administration of somatostatin analogues, deserves interest as new potential ways of preventing or postponing diabetic nephropathy. Also intervention with aldose-reductase inhibitors may be an important therapeutic modality for those patients in whom good metabolic control is not obtainable. It is now well-established that antihypertensive treatment, including ACE-inhibition, reduces rate of decline in GFR in patients with already established nephropathy. In addition, protein excretion is diminished in IDDM patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy by antihypertensive treatment where GFR is well-preserved during treatment. No data are available for NIDDM.
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PMID:Comparative renal pathophysiology relevant to IDDM and NIDDM patients. 306 56

Heinz-body haemolytic anaemia represents a rarely occurring kind of hereditary defect of haemoglobin, G-6-PDH or glutathion reductase. The course of disease observed in two patients with non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia was very serious as compared with other cases with haemoglobin variants and enzyme defects of G-6-PDH described in literature. The course of disease could not be influenced by splenectomy, substitution therapy, and long-term therapy with desferrioxamin. Exitus occurred at an age 22 or 41 as a consequence of severe haemosiderosis.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of hemolytic anemia with unstable hemoglobin]. 616 31

Are newer types of antihypertensive agents, which are currently more costly to purchase on average, as good or better than diuretics in reducing coronary heart disease incidence and progression? Will lowering LDL cholesterol in moderately hypercholesterolemic older individuals reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and total mortality? These important medical practice and public health questions are to be addressed by the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), a randomized, double-blind trial in 40,000 high-risk hypertensive patients. ALLHAT is designed to determine whether the combined incidence of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and nonfatal myocardial infarction differs between persons randomized to diuretic (chlorthalidone) treatment and each of three alternative treatments--a calcium antagonist (amlodipine), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril), and an alpha-adrenergic blocker (doxazosin). ALLHAT also contains a randomized, open-label, lipid-lowering trial designed to determine whether lowering LDL cholesterol in 20,000 moderately hypercholesterolemic patients (a subset of the 40,000) with a 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, will reduce all-cause mortality compared to a control group receiving "usual care." ALLHAT's main eligibility criteria are: 1) age 55 or older; 2) systolic or diastolic hypertension; and 3) one or more additional risk factors for heart attack (eg, evidence of atherosclerotic disease or type II diabetes). For the lipid-lowering trial, participants must have an LDL cholesterol of 120 to 189 mg/dL (100 to 129 mg/dL for those with known CHD) and a triglyceride level below 350 mg/dL. The mean duration of treatment and follow-up is planned to be 6 years. Further features of the rationale, design, objectives, treatment program, and study organization of ALLHAT are described in this article.
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PMID:Rationale and design for the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT Research Group. 900 61

1. The effects of fluvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, on the vascular angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in hyperlipidaemic rabbits were compared with those of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor. 2. Rabbits were fed a 1.5% cholesterol containing diet or normal diet for 16 weeks and treated with either fluvastatin or enalapril in the diet at the respective doses of 2 and 10 mg kg-1 day-1. The total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels in serum were significantly increased in rabbits fed the high cholesterol diet. Treatment with fluvastatin but not enalapril resulted in a decrease in serum lipids. 3. The vascular ACE activities assessed via the cleavage rate from synthetic substrate in the aortic arches and upper thoracic aortae were increased by 8 to 10 times when the rabbits were made hyperlipidaemic. Fluvastatin as well as enalapril significantly lowered the tissue ACE in the aortae. 4. The ACE activities in serum did not alter in hyperlipidaemic rabbits either in the presence or absence of fluvastatin. The serum ACE activity was lowered by enalapril. 5. The lipid peroxide in serum as well as the plaque area in the thoracic aorta was significantly increased in the cholesterol diet-fed rabbits. Treatment with fluvastatin or enalapril reduced both serum lipid peroxide and plaque formation. The relaxant responses to acetylcoholine (ACh) were significantly suppressed in the cholesterol-fed rabbits. Treatment with fluvastatin or enalapril significantly reversed the suppression of ACh-induced relaxation. 6. It seems that the reduction of vascular ACE is not coupled to lipids and ACE activity in serum, but rather to lipid peroxidation. Thus, the decrease in vascular ACE activity by fluvastatin as well as the lipid-lowering effect may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis progression in the vasculature.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of fluvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the increase in vascular ACE activity in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 893 33

The endothelium plays a crucial role in the regulation of coronary artery vasomotor tone by conducting stimuli from the blood into changes of vascular smooth muscle tone. Disturbance of this endothelial function might inadequately reduce myocardial oxygen supply, and, therefore, contribute to myocardial ischemia. Different risk factors for coronary artery disease are accompanied by a reduced bioactivity of vasorelaxing nitric oxide (NO), produced by the endothelium. In hypercholesterolemia, oxidized LDL and vascular wall macrophages induce an oxidative stress with increased production of superoxide anions, capable to inactivate NO. Therefore, NO-mediated vasorelaxation is blunted in epicardial arteries as well as in the microcirculation. In case of sympathetic stimulation, e.g. by physical exercise or cold exposure, the direct vasoconstrictor action of catecholamines on the vascular smooth muscle cells might dominate due to reduced bioactivity of NO. Especially, in the presence of coronary stenoses, myocardial ischemia might be aggravated. Although "exogenous" NO, derived from nitrates, also relaxes coronary vessels, these drugs are not able to simulate the physiological, demand-adjusted endothelial production of "endogenous" NO. In contrast, following a 6 months therapy with HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation could be improved. In addition, ACE-inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate endothelium-mediated coronary vasodilator function. However, whether improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator function due to ACE-inhibitor or HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor therapy relate to the improved coronary mortality observed with these drugs, remains to be determined.
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PMID:[Endothelial regulation of coronary circulation: current status]. 906 75

The morphological and functional development of the interstitial gland was studied in crossbred ewe lambs (East Friesian x Black-Head Pleven breeds) first birth and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5.5 and 6 months, as well as at 1 year in anestrous ewes. Histological and histochemical (AP, NAD.H2-tetrasole reductase, G-6-PDH and delta(5)-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta(5)-3 beta-HSD)) methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied while the FSH and LH levels were measured. There was an abundance of epithelial cell cords in newborn animals, while interstitial cells were scanty. Cortical and medullary epithelial cell cords occupied an essential place in the histogenesis of ovine ovarian structures. They were clearly expressed during the whole postnatal period of the development, and showed a species specificity. The development of the interstitial gland was correlated with changes in the gonadotropic hormones. A new population of interstitial glands appeared around puberty in a similar manner to the so-called 'puberty gland' in the testis and ovary of humans and other mammals. The results suggest that in these crossbred lambs, puberty was attained between the 3rd and 4th month, and sexual maturity and 5 to 6 months of age.
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PMID:The interstitial gland of ovary of ewes from birth to sexual maturity. 945 76


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