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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
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Relative biological values (BV) of 36 feed phosphates were determined with female turkeys in bioassays of 21-day duration using three response criteria: weight gain, tibia ash percentage, and gain:feed ratio. Calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate (United States Pharmacopeia) was the reference standard. Nine mono-dicalcium phosphates (M-DCP, 21.0% phosphorus), 13 di-monocalcium phosphates (D-MCP, 18.5% phosphorus), and 14 defluorinated phosphates (DFP, 18.0% phosphorus) were evaluated. The average relative BV for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP samples were 97.6, 94.6, and 90.8%, respectively. Solubility of phosphates was determined by four recognized methods. The solvents were water, .4% HCl, 2.0% citric acid (CA), and neutral ammonium citrate (NAC). Water solubility of M-DCP samples was greater (67.5%) than that of D-MCP (38.8%) and DFP (8.9%) samples. Correlation of water solubility of phosphates to their relative BV was quite low, and water solubility was a poor indicator of BV. When .4% HCl was the solvent, correlation coefficients (r) were .55, .33, and .72 for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP, respectively. Based on these results and prediction equations, .4% HCl solubility would be inappropriate for estimating BV of M-DCP and D-MCP samples. Solubility of feed phosphates (mainly D-MCP and DFP) in 2.0% CA or NAC was positively correlated with BV; the r values were .87 to .95. Both of these solubility tests provided a good index of BV. However, it would seem inappropriate and risky to replace bioassays totally with these tests. Feed phosphate users could perform either the 2.0% CA or NAC solubility test easily as a screen for BV along with other quality control procedures (i.e., phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and fluoride determinations).
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PMID:Correlation of biological value of feed phosphates with their solubility in water, dilute hydrogen chloride, dilute citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate. 147 May 90

The apparent digestibility of a molassed, chaffed grass hay/straw mixture was determined using four mature horses (mean weight 606 kg). Animals were stalled individually and kept on rubber mats. A preliminary feeding period of 18 days was followed by a 10 day collection period. Chromium-mordanted hay was given before the first feed at 08.00 h and subsequent meals were at 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00 h. On Days 3 and 10 of the collection, all faeces were sampled over a 24 h period. In addition, throughout the 10 day collection, faecal material was sampled at 10.00 and 16.00 h. The mean (+/- se) chromium recovery was 96.5 per cent +/- 0.76 and the hay/straw mixture contained 7 MJDE/kg dry matter and 15.1 g DCP/kg dry matter. There was no significant difference between the methods used to estimate apparent digestibility although chromium measurements consistently underestimated whilst acid-insoluble ash consistently overestimated digestibility values. There was a large variation in faecal chromium concentration for each horse over a 24 h period compared to acid-insoluble ash concentrations and, consequently, indirect estimates of apparent digestibility of nutrients in the equine are prone to large errors if chromium is used as a marker. If total faecal collection is impractical, acid-insoluble ash is the preferred indirect marker for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients for nutrients in horses.
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PMID:A comparison between chromium-mordanted hay and acid-insoluble ash to determine apparent digestibility of a chaffed, molassed hay/straw mixture. 231 76

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative biological values (BV) of phosphorus in feed phosphates. Experiment 2 was a replicate of Experiment 1, except that an additional phosphate source was tested. Within experiments, each treatment was replicated twice. Each pen contained eight broiler cockerels. The experimental diets were composed primarily of corn and soybean meal. The reference phosphate [anhydrous, reagent-grade, dibasic calcium phosphate (AR-DCP)] was added to supply five levels of phosphorus. Each phosphate supplement was added to supply two levels of phosphorus. A regression equation was calculated based on logarithm g, nonphytate phosphorus per kilogram of diet versus the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed diets containing AR-DCP. Nonphytate phosphorus equivalents were calculated using the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed the test phosphates. The biological values of the test phosphates were determined as nonphytate phosphorus equivalents, minus the nonphytate phosphorus in the basal diet, divided by the amount of supplemental phosphorus. The BV obtained for the commercial phosphates in Experiments 1 and 2 were: dibasic calcium phosphate, 106 and 104; monobasic calcium phosphate. 102 and 104; defluorinated phosphate (DFP)-1, 88 and 90; and DFP-2, 100.
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PMID:The relative biological value of feed phosphates for chicks. 232 May 22

A study was conducted to determine the relative biological value (RBV) of phosphorus from two bone-precipitated dicalcium phosphates (DCP-BP) in turkey starter diets. An estimated 40,000 metric tons of DCP-BP are produced annually in the United States as a by-product of gelatin production. The two DCP-BP sources were compared to commercial feed phosphates. Two bioassay experiments of 21-d duration were conducted with female turkeys. Phosphate sources were each fed at three levels (.18, .24, and .36% added total phosphorus) in a corn-soybean meal diet. Calcium level was maintained constant at 1.0% in all diets by adjusting the level of ground limestone. Four replicate pens of six poults were randomly assigned at 1 d of age to each level of each phosphorus source in each bioassay. The reference standard was United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate. Data representing three response criteria (weight gain, gain:feed ratio, and tibia ash percentage at 21 d) were combined to calculate a biological value (BV) for each test source and the reference standard phosphate. A RBV was then computed for each test source. The RBV of the two DCP-BP sources were 98.8 and 99.1, as compared to 100.0 for the reference standard, and 86.7, 87.1, and 88.4 for three commercial, thermochemically produced defluorinated phosphates. The RBV of one commercial mono-dicalcium phosphate, and three di-monocalcium phosphates were: 96.4, and 91.2, 94.7, and 101.5, respectively. The two DCP-BP sources compared favorably to commercial feed phosphates, and would be satisfactory supplements in diets for starting chicks, poults, pigs, and other species.
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PMID:Biological value of bone-precipitated dicalcium phosphate in turkey starter diets. 816 58

A feeding trial was performed using 4 x 60 day-old chickens (Ross 208 cockerels) raised up to 42 days of age to determine whether exogenous phytase addition increases phosphorus utilisation by broiler chickens, and to assess its effects on some production traits as well as on the ash content and mechanical stability of the tibia. The chickens' feed consisted of maize, wheat, soybean meal, fish meal, yeast, and fat powder. The basic feed was supplemented with inorganic phosphorus in groups A and B. In groups C and D, the amount of the inorganic phosphorus supplement (DCP) was decreased by 50%, at the same calcium/phosphorus ratio. The 50% reduction of inorganic phosphorus supplementation represents a 20% decrease of total phosphorus. To the diets of groups B and D a phytase enzyme preparation (Phytase Novo CT) was added. The calculated exogenous phytase activity was 600 FYT/kg feed. The decrease of inorganic phosphorus did not cause significant differences in the daily weight gain but lowered the feed conversion rate by 10%. Calcium and phosphorus excretion decreased by 18% and 15%, and the breaking strength of the tibia was also lower. Phytase supplementation of the feed at a lower rate of inorganic phosphorus supplementation did not cause changes in the body weight gain but improved the feed conversion rate by 5.6%. Phosphorus and calcium output decreased by 21% and 11%, respectively, but chemical composition and mechanical stability of the tibia were unaltered.
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PMID:Effects of phytase supplementation on calcium and phosphorus output, production traits and mechanical stability of the tibia in broiler chickens. 970 26

Fly ash from coal-fired thermal power plants can be used for the removal of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) with enthalpy changes of about -3 kcal/mol. The amounts of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP removed are affected by the pH value of the solution. The efficiency of removal improves when the pH value is less than the pK(a) values of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP, respectively. The adsorbed amount of chlorophenol by fly ash is also affected by particle diameter, carbon content, and the specific surface area of the ash used in this study. As expected, more adsorption takes place with fly ash of higher carbon content and larger specific surface area. Moreover, the adsorbed amount of chlorophenol is not influenced by the matrix in the wastewater, as shown by studying the removal of 2-CP and 2, 4-DCP in wastewater from a synthetic fiber plant. Chlorophenols in the wastewater were also removed efficiently through a fly ash column, with breakthrough times being inversely proportional to flow rates.
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PMID:Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by fly ash. 1093 36

No data are available about the effects of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on the skeleton and there is also little information on the activity of an ACE inhibitor enalapril on bone metabolism. It is widely believed that the vasculature plays an important role in bone remodeling under normal and pathological conditions. We treated 14-week-old female Wistar rats with losartan, enalapril or saline. Administration of the ACE inhibitor enalapril and angiotensin II antagonist losartan had no effect on total malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood and on urinary excretion of some eicosanoids and their metabolites. The administration of enalapril and losartan in a dose recommended for the treatment of hypertension did not cause significant changes in bone density, the ash and mineral content or morphometric parameters of the femur compared to the values found in control female rats.
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PMID:Impact of antihypertensive therapy on the skeleton: effects of enalapril and AT1 receptor antagonist losartan in female rats. 1155 Nov 40

A laboratory intercomparison of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements of atmospheric particulate matter samples collected on quartz filters was conducted among eight participants of the ACE-Asia field experiment The intercomparison took place in two stages: the first round of the intercomparison was conducted when filter samples collected during the ACE-Asia experiment were being analyzed for OC and EC, and the second round was conducted after the ACE-Asia experiment and included selected samples from the ACE-Asia experiment Each participant operated ECOC analyzers from the same manufacturer and utilized the same analysis protocol for their measurements. The precision of OC measurements of quartz fiber filters was a function of the filter's carbon loading but was found to be in the range of 4-13% for OC loadings of 1.0-25 microg of C cm(-2). For measurements of EC, the precision was found to be in the range of 6-21% for EC loadings in the range of 0.7-8.4 microg of C cm(-2). It was demonstrated for three ambient samples, four source samples, and three complex mixtures of organic compounds that the relative amount of total evolved carbon allocated as OC and EC (i.e., the ECOC split) is sensitive to the temperature program used for analysis, and the magnitude of the sensitivity is dependent on the types of aerosol particles collected. The fraction of elemental carbon measured in wood smoke and an extract of organic compounds from a wood smoke sample were sensitive to the temperature program used for the ECOC analysis. The ECOC split for the three ambient samples and a coal fly ash sample showed moderate sensitivity to temperature program, while a carbon black sample and a sample of secondary organic aerosol were measured to have the same split of OC and EC with all temperature programs that were examined.
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PMID:ACE-Asia intercomparison of a thermal-optical method for the determination of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon. 1266 31

In two fattening trials (in each 100 broilers kept in four groups with 25 animals) as well as in a balance trial (four groups with four broilers in a group) the effects of inorganic phosphorus sources [monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (dihydrate; DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP)] in broiler diets were examined. The four diets contained up to 9 g calcium and 6 g phosphorus per kg and comparable energy and nutrient contents. Controls were fed a commercial diet with Ca-Na-phosphate as inorganic phosphorus source supplemented by phytase. In both fattening trials body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion were proved as well as the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum, the breaking strength of tibia or humerus and the femur mineralization (ash content in the fat free dry matter). Furthermore, in the balance trial the retention of calcium and phosphorus was determined by calculation (intake minus excretion) as well as by analysis of body composition. On a high performance level (that was only slightly influenced by the different treatments), the addition of DFP resulted in significantly reduced phosphorus availability (estimated by analysis of the whole carcass: control/MCP/DCP/DFP: 48.6/46.0/45.7/35.5%). The significantly reduced phosphorus level in serum (1.77 +/- 0.20/1.77 +/- 0.24/1.73 +/- 0.28 1.34 +/- 0.33 mmol/l) indicates the lower phosphorus retention in broilers given DFP. Furthermore, the crude ash content (582 +/- 17.6/580 +/- 18.6/563 +/- 15.2/547 +/- 29.7 g/kg fat free DM) and the breaking strength of bones (in right tibia in trial 2: 232 +/- 82.4/227 +/- 51.5/232 +/- 41.7/196 +/- 655 N) were lowest when given DFP. For diagnostic purposes it is of special interest that the phosphorus levels in the serum reflected markedly the different concentrations of available phosphorus in the diet.
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PMID:Effects of different phosphorus sources in the diet on bone composition and stability (breaking strength) in broilers. 1578 83

Chlorophenols are one of the most important groups of priority pollutants, due to their high toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Although activated carbon has been the preferred choice for the removal of such pollutants from wastewaters, the search for cheaper alternative sorbents became common in the last years. Fly ash, a by-product from coal burning power plants, has a surface composition that may enable the sorption of specific organic compounds. Therefore, this feasibility study presents the optimization of the operating parameters of a fixed-bed column containing fly ash particles, percolated by aqueous solutions of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) with concentrations of 1 and 100 microg/ml. Both chlorophenols were analysed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD), after solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with limits of detection (LODs) of 7.28 microg/l for 2,4-DCP and 1.76 microg/l for PCP. Removal efficiencies above 99% were obtained for an initial concentration of 10 microg/ml of chlorophenols. Column saturation was achieved after 7h of continuous operation for 2,4-DCP and 10h for the PCP for feed levels of 10 microg/ml. Fly ash exhibited more affinity towards the sorption of PCP, in comparison to 2,4-DCP.
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PMID:Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol from waters by sorption using coal fly ash from a Portuguese thermal power plant. 1714 54


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