Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
 18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To gain "real life" data on the BP control of hypertensive patients in clinical practice in Thailand, a multi-centre cross-sectional study was carried out. Demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, and antihypertensive regimens were collected. A total of 1,259 patients were enrolled between October 2003 and December 2003, 924 cases from 6 regions of different levels of health care and 335 cases from 4 medical training centres and a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok. Eighty one percent of the patients, age ranged from 45 to 75 years (61.2 +/- 11.6). Forty four percent of patients in audit had a BP < 140/90 mm Hg and only 12.3% of DM patients had attained a JNC 7 recommended BP target of 130/80 mm Hg. Hypercholesterolaemia (65.3%) was the most prevalent risk followed by DM (27. 7%). Antihypertensive drug used at the initial visit compared with the last visit were ARB (0.9% vs 6.1%), ACE Inhibitors (30.1% vs 40.0%), beta-blockers (27.3% vs 46. 7%), CCBs (23.2% vs 37.7%), and diuretics (46.0% vs 53.5%). In addition, the numbers of antihypertensive drugs used at the initial visit compared with the last clinic visit were one drug (62.0% vs 33.0%), two drugs (29.7% vs 45.8%), three drugs or more (3.7% vs 20.4%), with an average of 1.3 +/- 0.6 vs 1.9 +/- 0.8 drugs per patient. Two thirds of patients (66.2%) were on 2 or more antihypertensive drugs. Among the type 2 DM, 5% had records of microalbuminuria, and 50.6% and 9.8% were receiving ACE Inhibitors and ARBs, respectively at the last clinic visit.
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PMID:An audit of blood pressure control in clinical practice in Thailand. 1771 43

The Clinical Trials described in this article were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions of the European Society of Cardiology Congress held in September 2007 in Vienna, Austria. The sessions chosen for this article represent the scope of interest of Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. The presentations should be considered preliminary, as further analyses could alter the final publication of the results of these studies. PROSPECT evaluated echocardiographic criteria for optimal selection of patients with moderate to severe heart failure who may benefit from cardiac resynchronisation therapy, however concluded that no single echocardiographic measure can be recommended. EVEREST found that tolvaptan, a vasopressin V(2) antagonist, resulted in early weight reduction and improvement of dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure, but lacked long term improvement. In ARISE, the anti-oxidant succinobucal did not affect the primary outcome in high risk cardiovascular patients, but improved the combination of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and stroke, and diabetic control in diabetics. ALOFT showed that the addition of the renin inhibitor aliskiren to an ACE inhibitor or ARB and a beta-blocker leads to favourable effects on neurohormonal actions in heart failure. FINESSE markedly improved coronary patency before PCI with half-dose reteplase/abciximab in STEMI patients, however without significantly improving short-term outcome. The Prague-8 Study evaluated whether routine clopidogrel administered >6 h pre-angiography would be a safe way to achieve therapeutic drug levels in case a follow-up intervention would be considered immediately, but appeared not justified because of bleeding complications. CARESS in MI showed that high risk patients with evolving STEMI who undergo thrombolytic therapy should undergo PCI early after the thrombolysis. Finally, the ACUITY trial found that in moderate or high risk Non ST elevation ACS patients triaged to PCI, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, or medical management, bivalirudin, with or without associated GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy, resulted in a marked reduction of bleeding at 30 days whilst preserving the ischemic and mortality benefit at 1 year follow up.
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PMID:Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Congress in Vienna, 2007: PROSPECT, EVEREST, ARISE, ALOFT, FINESSE, Prague-8, CARESS in MI and ACUITY. 1799 67

We enrolled 347 hypertensive patients, randomly allocated them to different first-line treatments, and followed-up for 24 months. Persistence on treatment was significantly higher in patients treated with ARBs (68.5%) and ACE inhibitors (64.5%) vs. CCBs (51.6%), beta-blockers (44.8%), and diuretics (34.4%). No ARB, ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, or diuretic was associated with a greater persistence in therapy as compared with the other molecules used in each therapeutic class. The rate of persistence was significantly higher in patients treated with lercanidipine vs. other CCBs (59.3% vs. 46.6%). Systolic and diastolic BP decreased more in patients treated with ARBs (-11.2/-5.8 mmHg), ACE inhibitors (-10.5/-5.1 mmHg), and CCBs (-8.5/-4.6 mmHg) when compared to beta-blockers (-4.0/-2.3 mmHg) and diuretics (-2.3/-2.1 mmHg).
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PMID:Persistence on treatment and blood pressure control with different first-line antihypertensive treatments: a prospective evaluation. 1805 80

Guidelines recommend long-term use of beta-blockers (BB), statins, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor-blockers (ACEI/ARB) after myocardial infarction (MI), but data on their use after discharge are scarce. From Austrian sickness funds claims, we identified all acute MI patients who were discharged within 30 days and who survived >or=120 days after MI in 2004. We ascertained outpatient use of ACEI/ARBs, BBs, statins, and aspirin from all filled prescriptions between discharge and 120 days post MI. Comorbidities were ascertained from use of indicator drugs during the preceding year. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent determinants of study drug use. We evaluated 4,105 MI patients, whose mean age was 68.8 (+/-13.2) years; 59.5% were men. Within 120 days after MI, 67% filled prescriptions for ACE/ARBs, 74% for BBs, and 67% for statin. While 41% received all these classes and 34% two, 25% of patients received only one or none of these drugs. Older age and presence of severe mental illness were associated with lower use of all drug classes. Diabetics had greater ACEI/ARB use. Fewer BBs were used in patients with obstructive lung disease. Statin use was lower in patients using treatment for congestive heart failure (all P<0.001). We conclude that recommended medications were underused in Austrian MI survivors. Quality indicators should be established and interventions be implemented to ensure maximum secondary prevention after MI.
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PMID:Use of recommended medications after myocardial infarction in Austria. 1806 29

Hypertension is a multifactorial disorder leading to pathophysiologic changes in target organs over time through diverse mechanisms. In addition, hypertension frequently resists control with monotherapy, necessitating combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive agents. Many currently available fixed-dose antihypertensive combinations combine drugs with different, but complementary, mechanisms of action to improve overall efficacy and tolerability. In addition, it is possible to select drug combinations whereby one drug offsets the negative effects of the other drug. Fixed-dose antihypertensive combinations may provide significant advantages over high-dose monotherapy, such as improved BP-lowering efficacy, reduced adverse event frequency, improved patient compliance, potentially lower treatment costs, and shorter time to BP control. Combination therapy has been recommended as potential first-line therapy in recent consensus guideline statements, especially for higher-risk patients, such as those with stage 2 hypertension. The combination of a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-targeting agent, such as an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB), and a diuretic or calcium channel antagonist appears to provide synergy with regard to BP lowering. In addition, ACE inhibitors and ARBs have demonstrated beneficial effects beyond BP reduction, reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, inhibiting development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the progression of renal disease. Preliminary studies of fixed-dose combinations have shown reductions in left ventricular hypertrophy and improvements in markers of renal function. Additional studies currently underway will compare the effects of available fixed-dose combinations on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and markers of renal dysfunction.
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PMID:Fixed-dose combination antihypertensives and reduction in target organ damage: are they all the same? 1807 8

The development of aliskiren, the first orally effective renin inhibitor, utilized molecular modeling based upon X-ray crystallographic analysis of renin's active site to design a potent, low molecular weight renin inhibitor with improved bioavailability (approximately 2.6%). In patients with hypertension, dose-dependent BP reduction occurs with aliskiren 75-300 mg once daily; at these doses, the safety and tolerability profile is comparable to placebo. In direct comparison studies, BP reduction with aliskiren is equivalent to commonly used antihypertensive agents including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. Persistent BP reduction and prolonged suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) is observed after aliskiren withdrawal. Aliskiren suppresses PRA when given either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. When added to an ARB, aliskiren blocks compensatory RAS activation and produces significant additional BP reduction. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, addition of aliskiren to losartan, 100 mg resulted in a 20% greater reduction in proteinuria. Ongoing studies evaluating the long-term renal protective effects of aliskiren and its effects on ventricular remodeling are currently planned or underway.
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PMID:Current concepts: renin inhibition in the treatment of hypertension. 1830 34

Cardiovascular disease represents a continuum that starts with risk factors such as hypertension and progresses to atherosclerosis, target organ damage, and ultimately to myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke or death. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin AT(1)-receptor blockers (ARBs) has turned out to be beneficial at all stages of this continuum. Both classes of agent can prevent or reverse endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Such a reduction has been shown mainly for ACE inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease, but recent studies revealed that ARBs are not inferior in this respect. However, no such data are currently available on the combination of these drugs. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to reduce target organ damage in organs such as the kidney, brain and heart, and to decrease cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with congestive heart failure. Experimental data point to an influence of ACE inhibitors and ARBs on the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells revealing additional mechanisms of action of these drugs. The VALIANT trial has shown equivalent effects of ARB valsartan and the ACE-inhibitor captopril in patients post myocardial infarction, but the dual RAS-blockade, compared to monotherapy, did not further reduce events. In secondary prevention, the most-recently published ONTARGET study provides evidence that on top of a better tolerability AT(1)-receptors antagonists are equal to ACE inhibitors in the prevention of clinical endpoints like cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, myocardial infarction and stroke. The combined RAS blockade, however, achieved no further benefits in vascular high-risk patients and was associated with more adverse events. In chronic heart failure, ValHeFT and CHARM-ADDED have shown that combined RAS inhibition with ACE inhibitor and valsartan or candesartan reduced morbidity and mortality in certain patient subgroups. Accumulating evidence also points to benefits of the combination therapy in individuals with proteinuric nephropathies. In conclusion, while combined RAS-inhibition is not generally indicated in patients along the cardio-reno-vascular continuum, it has already proven to be effective in heart failure patients with incomplete neuroendocrine blockade. In secondary prevention, monotherapy with either RAS inhibitor is equally efficacious. Furthermore, novel pharmacologic agents such as renin inhibitors may prove useful in preventing common side effects of RAS blockade such as angiotensin escape and AT(1)-receptor upregulation, giving clinicians additional therapeutic tools to optimally treat the individual patient.
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PMID:RAS blockade with ARB and ACE inhibitors: current perspective on rationale and patient selection. 1845 36

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a newly recognized homolog of ACE that converts angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-(1-7)), is found in vascular smooth muscle cells. Expression of ACE2 may be a local determinant of vascular Ang-(1-7) production and, when increased, may augment the increasingly recognized protective effects of this peptide within injured tissues. We previously showed that treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan increased aortic ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) in conjunction with improved vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, we investigated balloon injury-related ACE2 in the vasculature by determining the effect of sustained AT1 blockade on ACE2 protein expression in the carotid arteries of 12-week-old male SHR treated with either vehicle (n=5) or 10 mg/kg olmesartan (n=5) in drinking water for 14 days. Olmesartan treatment caused a 61% reduction in the cross-sectional area of the neointima, from 0.27+/-0.01 mm2 in vehicle-treated rats to 0.11+/-0.01 mm2 in olmesartan-treated rats. In contrast, olmesartan treatment had no effect on the medial area of injured or uninjured carotid arteries compared to that in vehicle-treated rats. Quantitative analysis of ACE2 immunostaining intensity in the carotid artery of SHR was significantly greater (p<0.05) in the neointima of olmesartan-treated SHR compared to that in vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, ACE2 immunostaining intensity was not quantitatively different in uninjured carotid arteries of olmesartan and vehicle-treated animals. These studies suggest that changes in ACE2 within the vascular system of SHR are regulated by a factor other than arterial pressure.
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PMID:Increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in conjunction with reduction of neointima by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. 1849 76

In CKD Stages 1 and 2, diet and lifestyle interventions are key for their potential to delay progression of kidney failure and reduce CVD risk. The recommendations are to prudently lower protein in the diet to the RDA. Although the research supporting this data may still be considered uncertain about the efficacy of a low protein diet on slowing the progression of CKD, it may also be considered safe since it is the RDA (Levey et al., 2006). Other interventions may include control of proteinuria, of high blood pressure, and blood sugar, and the use of an ACE inhibitor or ARB. In CKD Stages 3 and 4, there are more enthusiastic recommendations regarding protein, potassium, and phosphorous that influence diet decision making but are not necessarily employed in the earlier stages of CKD. In addition, we cannot neglect that these patients, despite our best efforts, often progress to Stage 5 CKD treated with peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. We must maintain an optimum nutritional status along the continuum of CKD Stages 1 to 5. Protein energy malnutrition is a predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients on dialysis (NKF, 2000). The goal for these patients is to be well nourished and kidney protected, which is a balancing act. Medicare supports medical nutrition therapy for registered dietitian (RD) services for patients with GFRs of 15 to 50 mL/min/1.73m2 (NKF, 2007). The RDs in nephrology are effective in reviewing the diet options and providing necessary guidance and support to individuals with CKD. These RDs are the nutrition information resource for practitioners treating patients with Stages 1 to 4 CKD.
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PMID:Protein recommendations for individuals with CKD stages 1-4. 1864 89

Clinical decision support (CDS) rules monitoring adherence to guidelines for secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been in use at BJC HealthCare's academic facility for five years. The alert web response form for these rules was enhanced to facilitate documentation of contraindications for ACE/ARB, beta blocker, aspirin, and lipid-lowering medications. An analysis of the impact of these enhancements and the changes to pharmacy workflow are presented here.
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PMID:Alerts to improve chart documentation for National Quality Measures. 1869 71


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