Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions related to haemodialysis have been increasingly described for almost 3 decades. The majority of these cases used to occur with ethylene oxide sterilized, and complement-activating cellulose membranes. However, a considerable number of publications have focused on polyacrylonitrile AN69 high flux membranes, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and iron as other important causes of potentially severe haemodialysis-related anaphylactoid reactions. Clinical manifestations vary considerably and generally do not allow differentiation between IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions (e.g. from nonspecific mediator release). Successful management of these patients requires multidisciplinary approach and involves prompt recognition and treatment by the attending physician, and identification of the offending agent(s) with subsequent avoidance of the incriminated compound(s). This review focuses on some major causes of anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions during haemodialysis. Special consideration is given to the therapeutic and diagnostic approach.
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PMID:Haemodialysis-associated anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. 1640 99

The need for erythropoietin (rhuEPO) or darbepoetin-alpha and iron is lower in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) than in patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) because blood losses are reduced, residual renal function and elimination of inhibitors of erythropoiesis are improved and inflammation is less than in HD treatment. In addition, comorbidities of PD patients are probably lower than those of HD patients, and this factor may also contribute to anemia being less in PD patients than in those on HD. Furthermore, the frequency of blood transfusions is lower in PD patients, with or without rhuEPO treatment. However, in PD patients also, anemia is associated with hospitalization rate and mortality. Anemia can be corrected by subcutaneous injections of rhuEPO-beta (1-3 times per week) or darbepoetin-alpha (once a week or twice a month). Adjuvant treatment of anemia includes correction of iron deficiency by oral or intravenous iron, androgen substitution in elderly male PD patients and adequate calcitriol supplementation. Factors that may negatively influence anemia in PD patients are inflammation, infection, antihypertensive therapy with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II blockers and neutralizing antibodies against rhuEPO or darbepoetin-alpha.
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PMID:[Anemia and its treatment in peritoneal dialysis patients]. 1643 36

The effect of a synthetic iron(III)-porphyrin meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinate as a biomimetic catalyst in the oxidative treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) with humic substances and H(2)O(2) was evaluated in factorial design experiments conducted at different concentrations of 2,4-DCP (0-25 ppm) and different incubation treatment times (0, 24, 96, or 120 h). In the absence of this treatment, bioassays with the bacterium Pseudomonas putida (ATCC11250) showed decreasing specific growth rates mu (used here to quantify 2,4-DCP toxicity) with increasing concentrations of 2,4-DCP. However, when 2,4-DCP was treated as mentioned above the toxicity of the resulting 2,4-DCP solution was reduced significantly. At low 2,4-DCP concentrations (up to 5 ppm) and long incubation periods (as long as 120 h), the specific growth rate mu was comparable to that of cultures grown in the absence of 2,4-DCP. The reduction in toxicity was directly correlated to a decrease in the concentration of 2,4-DCP in the treated solutions, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The reduced concentrations of 2,4-DCP in the treated solutions could be correctly predicted based on the relationship between the specific growth rates and the 2,4-DCP concentrations in untreated solutions. These results indicate that the oxidative coupling of 2,4-DCP to humic substances catalyzed by the synthetic iron(III)-porphyrin catalyst in the presence of H(2)O(2) is responsible for the removal of 2,4-DCP from solutions. This approach appears to be a promising alternative treatment to reduce 2,4-DCP bioavailability and thus toxicity in the environment.
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PMID:Reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenol toxicity to Pseudomonas putida after oxidative incubation with humic substances and a biomimetic catalyst. 1661 57

The present study describes the extent and pattern of oxidative stress induction in testis and epididymal sperm of rats following in vivo exposure to repeated sublethal doses of 2 model pro-oxidants, namely, t-butyl hydroperoxide (tbHP) and cumene hydroperoxide (cHP). Single sublethal (1/40, 1/20, and 1/10 LD(50)) doses of hydroperoxides (HP) administered intraperitoneally to male rats (CFT-Wistar strain) failed to induce any significant increase in malondialdehyde or reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in testis or epididymal sperm. However, repeated doses for 1 or 2 weeks induced a marked dose-related enhancement of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and ROS levels in both testis and epididymal sperm. Further evidence, such as significant perturbations in both enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants and enhanced levels of protein carbonyls in testis, suggested induction of oxidative stress. In testis, moderate depletion in reduced glutathione levels and marked diminution in ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol content were accompanied by increased activities of various antioxidant enzymes, namely glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase, in both the HP treatments. Furthermore, significant alterations in the specific activities of testicular enzymes such as LDH-X, G-6-PDH, and SDH indicated altered testicular physiology. Both HP at higher doses induced significant DNA damage (determined by fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding assay) in testis and epididymal sperm. Increased total iron levels in testis of HP-treated rats are indicative of the possible involvement of iron-mediated free radical reactions in this model. These findings provide an account of early oxidative damage in testis and epididymal sperm following short-term exposure to HP in vivo, and this model is being further exploited for understanding the consequences of chronic oxidative stress-mediated alterations for the physiology of male reproductive system and its implications for fertility.
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PMID:Induction of oxidative stress by organic hydroperoxides in testis and epididymal sperm of rats in vivo. 1692 93

A new reactor system was designed for an integrated process involving photoelectrocatalytic oxidation (PECO) and electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) oxidation. Its efficiency was evaluated in terms of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation in aqueous solution. In this process, a TiO2 electrode and an iron (Fe) electrode were used as anodes in parallel, while graphite felt (GF) was used as a cathode. When an electrical current is applied between the anodes and the cathode, the iron anode can release Fe2+ and the GF cathode can generate H2O2 continuously in the reaction solution. Under UV-A illumination, while a H2O2-assisted PECO reaction occurs on the surface of the TiO2 photo anode, an E-Fenton reaction takes place in the solution. The experimental results demonstrated that 2,4-DCP degradation in aqueous solution was greatly enhanced because of the interaction between the two types of reactions. Moreover, the effect of pH as an important factor was investigated. It was found that the combined reaction becomes less pH sensitive than the typical E-Fenton reaction and may be suitable for application in a wide pH range.
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PMID:2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by an integrated process: photoelectrocatalytic oxidation and E-Fenton oxidation. 1713 72

The catalytic dechlorination of five chlorophenols, by Ni/Fe bimetal was investigated through batch experiments. The results showed that the destruction of chlorophenols by hydrodechlorination over Ni / Fe was very effective and followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics under aqueous conditions. The order of reaction rate was 2-chlorophenol > 4-chlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). The dechlorination rate of chlorophenol increased linearly with increasing nickel coating on iron. In general, increasing the degree of chlorine substitution on the phenol ring decreased the rate of dechlorination except for 2,6-DCP. Chlorophenols were dechlorinated to phenol via both stepwise as the major pathway and concerted mechanisms with minor contribution. The relative contribution of each reaction pathway is discussed through a model fitting.
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PMID:Kinetic studies of reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Ni/Fe bimetallic particles. 1761 67

The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.
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PMID:Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow. 1818 38

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the management of factors accelerating renal injury such as hypertension and diabetes on progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). For this end, the records of 112 CRF patients with serum creatinine (SCr) level of 150- 850 micromol/L were retrospectively studied at King Khaled University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The leading causes of CRF in the study patients were diabetes in 52 (46.4%) patients, glomerulonephritis in 25 (22.4%) and hypertension in 17 (15.2%). Progressive elevation of SCr level was recorded at 92 micromol/L/year in 62 (55.4%) patients with initial SCr level of 150-300 micromol/L; they progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in a mean duration of 4 (1/2) years. Forty-three (38.4%) patients with SCr level of 300-450 micromol/L had an increase of SCr at 136 micromol/L/year and progressed to ESRD in a mean period of four years. Seven (6.2%) patients who had initial SCr level of > 450 micromol/L had an increase of 136 micromol/L/year and progressed to ESRD in a mean duration of 2 (1/2) years. Sixty-two (55.4%) patients had initial blood pressure (BP) readings above the recommended level of 130/80 mm Hg. Antihypertensive management stabilized 47 (75.8%) of these patients using multiple drug regimens such as an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and diuretics (20.5%). Though this center did not use erythropoietin (EPO) in these patients, the control of the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit was obtained by aggressive iron supplementation including intravenous administration. In conclusion, the present management of CRF patients, which attempts to comply with the international standards, still needs refining in order to reach better outcome.
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PMID:Single Center Experience with Pre-dialysis Patients. 1820 32

Anemia is increasingly recognized as a common, important and treatable condition in patients with congestive heart failure. Despite increasing knowledge of anemia, as well as its co-association with chronic renal disease, advanced New York Heart Association class and worse prognosis, there are very few evidence-based recommendations for treatment. The use of supplemental iron, especially intravenous forms, for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in heart failure patients is associated with improved symptoms, cardiac size and function, and possibly improved outcomes. However, many patients with heart failure suffer from anemia due to other causes, including renal failure (so-called cardiorenal syndrome), erythropoietin resistance, possible ACE inhibitor use and extracellular fluid expansion. The association between anemia and adequate iron stores has led to interest in the use of erythrocyte-stimulating agents, such as erythropoietin and darbepoetin. While early data are promising, recent evidence in non-heart failure trials has led to caution in their use and given way to anticipation of results of ongoing definitive randomized trials of this therapy, such as the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) and Reduction of Events with Darbepoetin-alpha in Heart Failure (RED-HF) studies.
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PMID:Recognition and treatment of anemia in the setting of heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction. 1824 74

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound (US) enhancement on the degradation of 2,4-DCP in a new Fenton like system. An obviously synergistic effect was observed after introduction of US into the Fe/EDTA system. Good correspondences with pseudo-first-order kinetic were found in each reaction system. It was demonstrated that the degradation rate constant (kobs) of DCP in US/Fe/EDTA was 7 and 32 times higher than those in Fe/EDTA and US system alone. Simultaneously, lower first-order kobs was also obtained in the investigation of decomposition of EDTA. At 60 min reaction time, Removals of 81% TOC, complete DCP and 89% EDTA were achieved. Low molecular weight organic acids are identified as the main products, which contribute to the solution self-buffer at about pH 6.5 along with the reaction. In addition, the effect of initials condition, i.e., iron addition, EDTA dosage, DCP concentration and US input power as well as reaction temperature were studied and reaction activation energy (Ea) was also calculated.
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PMID:Enhanced degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ultrasound in a new Fenton like system (Fe/EDTA) at ambient circumstance. 1832 14


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