Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present investigation was conducted to assess the effects of subacute aluminum (Al) exposure on testicular zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) distribution in mice. Animals were intraperitoneally exposed to 0, 13, or 35 mg Al/kg body weight/d for a period of 14 d. Al concentrations in serum and testis in Al-treated animals were significantly higher than those of controls. The serum concentrations of Fe were lower, whereas serum Zn and Cu showed a pattern comparable to that of controls. The accumulation of testicular Fe and Cu remarkably increased in Al-exposed groups, whereas the Zn concentration in testis was significantly reduced only at the highest dose of Al exposure. The values of testicular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also increased after Al administration, indicating increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. In addition, when the testicular Al was increased, the testis-specific angiotensin-converting enzyme (testis ACE) was noted. The results of this study indicated that part of the effect of Al intoxication on testis might contribute to abnormal metabolism of other minerals, such as Fe, Zn, and/or Cu. It was also suggested that reduced testis ACE activity presumably plays an important role in oxidative damage of Al-induced testicular toxicity.
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PMID:Alteration of trace element distribution and testis ACE activity in mice with high peritoneal aluminum. 1200 77

About half of all the patients with CHF are anemic (they have a hemoglobin of < 12 g%). The prevalence and severity of this anemia increase with increasing severity of the CHF. The anemia is caused by a combination of poor nutrition, associated renal insufficiency causing inappropriately low Erythropoietin (EPO) levels, bone marrow depression and EPO resistance caused by excessive TNF alpha and other factors, gastrointestinal blood loss caused by aspirin, ACE inhibitors, EPO loss in the urine with proteinuria, and hemodilution caused by the excessive plasma volume. Studies have shown that the anemia is an independent risk factor for death in CHF, almost doubling the mortality rate. Correction of the anemia with subcutaneous EPO and IV iron improves cardiac function and functional capacity, helps prevent the progression of renal failure, markedly reduces hospitalization and diuretic doses, and improves self assessed quality of life. This so-called Cardio Renal Anemia Syndrome is very common in CHF. Its successful treatment demands close cooperation between cardiologists and nephrologists.
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PMID:The importance of anemia and its correction in the management of severe congestive heart failure. 1245 37

Anemia in children after renal transplantation is more common than previously appreciated. Multiple factors appear to play roles in the development of post-transplant anemia, the most common of which is absolute and/or functional iron deficiency anemia. Most experts recommend that iron limited anemias in transplant patients should be diagnosed using the same criteria as for chronic renal failure patients. Serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels are expected to normalize after a successful renal transplantation with a normal kidney function, yet both EPO deficiency and resistance have been reported. While no large controlled trials comparing the effect of different immunosuppressive agents on erythropoiesis after transplantation have been performed, generalized bone marrow suppression attributable to azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), tacrolimus, antithymocyte preparations has been reported. Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) occurs rarely after transplantation and is characterized by the selective suppression of erythroid cells in the bone marrow. PRCA has been reported with the use of AZA, MMF, tacrolimus, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), but not with cyclosporine (CSA) use. Post-transplant hemolytic uremic syndrome has been reported with orthoclone anti T-cell antibody (OKT3), CSA and tacrolimus therapy. Viral infections including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human parvovirus B19 have been reported to cause generalized marrow suppression. Management of severe anemia associated with immunosuppressive drugs generally requires lowering the dose, drug substitution or, when possible, discontinuation of the drug. Because this topic has been incompletely studied, our recommendation as to the best immunosuppressive protocol after renal transplantation remains largely dependent on the clinical response of the individual patient.
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PMID:Anemia in children after transplantation: etiology and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on erythropoiesis. 1289 2

Anemia (Hemoglobin of < 12 to 13 g/dl) is frequently encountered in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). This anemia may be partly due to hemodilution, partly to the associated reduction in renal function, and partly to the use of ACE inhibitors and aspirin. However, there is evidence that CHF alone--through excessive cytokine production may also reduce the bone marrow and cause anemia. In several recent studies anemia has been found to be associated with a more severe degree of CHF, a higher rate of death, renal failure, hospitalization and evidence of malnutrition. In both uncontrolled and controlled studies correction of anemia with erythropoietin with or without the addition of i.v. iron has been attempted. The correction of anemia has been associated with a marked improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional cardiac class and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, a marked reduction in the need for hospitalization and high dose oral and i.v. diuretics, and an improvement in exercise capacity, peak exercise oxygen utilization and quality of life. The serum creatinine, which had been increasing steadily before treatment, stabilized with the correction of anemia. All this suggests that control of anemia in CHF could become a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of CHF and might also play a major role in the prevention of progressive renal failure.
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PMID:The cardio renal anemia syndrome: correcting anemia in patients with resistant congestive heart failure can improve both cardiac and renal function and reduce hospitalizations. 1294 May 39

Capillary electrophoresis with a dynamic double coating formed by charged polymeric reagents represents a very effective tool for the separation of iron-saturated transferrin (Tf) isoforms and thus the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in human serum. The resolution between di- and trisialo-Tf is dependent on the applied voltage and capillary temperature. With a 50 microm inside diameter (ID) capillary of about 60 cm total length mounted into the P/ACE MDQ, 28 kV and 40 degrees C, the resolution of the two Tf isoforms is shown to be between 1.0 and 1.4, whereas with reduced voltage and/or temperature, increased resolution at the expense of elongated run times is observed. Best data with complete resolution (Rs > or = 1.4) are obtained at 20 kV and 30 degrees C. For the determination of CDT in serum, incomplete separation of di- and trisialo-Tf is demonstrated to have an impact on the reference limits. Analysis of the sera of 54 healthy individuals with no or moderate alcohol consumption and using valley-to-valley peak integration, the upper (lower) reference limits for CDT in relation to total Tf at the two power levels are 1.33 (0.52) and 1.57 (0.81)%, respectively, representing intervals that are significantly different (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the reference intervals are shown to be strongly dependent on the peak integration approach used. Valley-to-valley peak integration should only be employed for conditions with complete resolution between disialo- and trisialo-Tf.
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PMID:Capillary zone electrophoresis with a dynamic double coating for analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum: impact of resolution between disialo- and trisialotransferrin on reference limits. 1467 74

The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of anemia in stable pediatric renal transplant recipients and to examine the association of anemia with renal function, immunosuppressants, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and growth, as well as iron, vitamin B(12), and folate stores. This is a cross-sectional study of the 50 renal transplant recipients currently followed at our center. Patient data were collected regarding hematological parameters, growth, medications, renal function, underlying renal disease, delayed graft function, episodes of rejection, and iron or erythropoietin therapy post transplantation. The mean hemoglobin level (Hb) was 110 g/l and the overall prevalence of anemia was 60%, including 30% who were severely anemic (Hb<100 g/l). There was a high rate of iron deficiency (34%) and serum iron was the parameter of iron metabolism most closely associated with anemia. Hb in patients with low serum iron was 90.7 g/l versus 114.4 g/l in those with normal serum iron ( P<0.01). Both univariate and multiple linear regression determined tacrolimus dose and creatinine clearance to be significant factors associated with anemia. Tacrolimus dose correlated with a 10 g/l reduction in Hb for every increase of tacrolimus dose of 0.054 mg/kg per day ( P=0.001). The dose of mycophenolate was positively correlated with Hb, but this was likely to be confounded by our practice of dose reduction in the setting of anemia. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use was not associated with anemia. Severely anemic patients tended to be shorter, with a mean Z-score for height of -1.8 compared with -0.9 for those with normal Hb ( P=0.02). Anemia is a significant and common problem in pediatric renal transplant patients. Deteriorating renal function is an important cause, but other factors like iron deficiency and immunosuppression are involved. Definition of iron deficiency is difficult and serum iron may be a valuable indicator. Medication doses, nutritional status, need for erythropoietin and iron, as well as poor graft function and growth require systematic scrutiny in the care of the anemic renal transplant recipient.
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PMID:Anemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients. 1500 19

Analytical methods for limit test (1 microgg(-1)) determination of iron and palladium in the drug substance methotrexate (MTX) were developed. The methods developed were based on microwave-assisted, vapor-phase digestion using quartz inserts inside the digestion vessels, followed by instrumental determination. Iron was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and palladium by direct current plasma optical emission spectrometry (DCP-OES). Detection limits of 0.20 microgg(-1) for iron by GFAAS and 0.30 microgg(-1) for palladium by DCP-OES in MTX were obtained. The validity of the methods was studied by spike recovery tests and by analyzing certified reference material (NIST 8433 corn bran, Fe determination) and an organometallic compound ([(C(6)H(5))(3)P](2)PdCl(2), Pd determination). In addition, the specificity of the GFAAS technique for iron determination was confirmed by comparing the results obtained by GFAAS with those obtained by hexapole collision cell, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
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PMID:Development of analytical methods for the determination of sub-ppm concentrations of palladium and iron in methotrexate. 1513 69

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with a dynamic double coating formed by charged polymeric reagents represents an effective tool for the separation of iron-saturated transferrin (Tf) isoforms and thus the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT, sum of asialo-, monosialo- and disialo-Tf in relation to total Tf) in human serum. Using the CEofix-CDT reagents, a 50 microm inner diameter (ID) capillary of 60 cm total length and the P/ACE MDQ under optimized instrumental conditions (20 kV and 30 degrees C) is demonstrated to provide outstanding assay precision for the determination of CDT in human serum. For CDT levels of 1.0% and 4.5%, precision relative standard deviation (RSD) values (n = 8) were determined to be < 3.0% and < 1.5%, respectively. During the first year of operation under routine conditions, more than 600 patient samples were analyzed in a total of 62 sets of runs. Except for selected samples of patients with severe liver diseases, interference-free Tf patterns were detected. Asialo-Tf was not detected in control sera and in patient sera with a CDT level < 1.70%, but became detectable in 89.6% of sera with > 2.3% disialo-Tf. Monosialo-Tf was only detected in two sera containing > 13.3% CDT. The optimized CZE assay was applied to confirm positive CDT results produced by an immunoassay during long-term monitoring of a patient which led to the determination of the elimination kinetics of asialo-Tf, disialo-Tf, and CDT after an episode of high alcohol consumption (estimated apparent half lifes of 4.86, 7.24, and 6.74 days, respectively). The optimized CZE assay with an upper reference limit for CDT of 1.70% represents an attractive alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It features simpler sample preparation, faster analysis time, and higher isoform resolution compared to the most recent HPLC approach and can thus be regarded as a new candidate of a reference method for CDT.
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PMID:Improved capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patient sera. 1527 13

The fact that anthracyclines are cardiotoxic seriously narrows their therapeutic index in cancer therapy. The cardiotoxic risk increases with the cumulative dose and may lead to congestive heart failure (CHF) and dilated cardiomyopathy in adults and in children. The prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is particularly important in children who can be expected to survive for decades after being cured of their malignancy. Attempts to reduce anthracycline cardiotoxicity have been directed towards: (i) decreasing myocardial concentrations of anthracyclines and their metabolites by dose limitation and schedule modification; (ii) developing less cardio-toxic analogs; and (iii) concurrently administering cardioprotective agents to attenuate the effects of anthracyclines on the heart. As regards schedule modification, avoidance of anthracycline peak levels may reduce the pathologic and clinical cardiotoxicity, although this has not always been observed. The analogs of doxorubicin, such as idarubicin and epirubicin, have similar cardiotoxicity to that of doxorubicin when given in amounts of equivalent myelotoxicity. Liposomal anthracyclines are a new class of agents that may permit more specific organ targeting, thereby producing less systemic and cardiac toxicity, but more studies are required to assess the advantages, if any, of these preparations over classical anthracyclines. The cardioprotective agent, dexrazoxane, an iron chelator, is highly effective and provides short-term cardioprotection to most patients receiving even the most intensive doxorubicin-containing regimens. Its long-term benefits remain to be determined. In addition, data remain insufficient to make specific recommendations regarding current use of dexrazoxane in children. It is thought that subtle abnormalities, related to anthracycline treatment in childhood, can develop into more permanent myocardial disease resulting in cardiomyopathy, which may progress to CHF. As regards the therapy of patients with anthracycline cardiotoxicity, two different situations have, therefore, to be considered: (i) if the patient presents with cardiac abnormalities, such as a reduction in fractional shortening at echocardiogram, without cardiac symptoms; and (ii) if the patient has CHF. In the presence of CHF, recovery with digitalis-diuretic therapy alone seldom occurs, and in patients who have refractory hemodynamic decompensation, heart transplantation is indicated. In patients with CHF, therapy with ACE inhibitors induces improvement in left ventricular structure and function, but this improvement is transient. Randomized clinical trials are, therefore, necessary to determine the effects of ACE inhibitors in mild-to-moderate left ventricular dysfunction. The beneficial effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) on cardiac function in heart failure due to anthracyclines seem comparable with those observed in other forms of heart failure with systolic dysfunction. Many drugs are available to treat children with CHF due to anthracycline treatment, but they are only palliative.
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PMID:Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children with cancer: strategies for prevention and management. 1587 28

To understand the surface chemistry of phenolic pollutants in the presence of metal oxides, this paper studied the reactions of 2,4-dichlorophenol with metal oxides in a kinetic and batch experiment. The results showed that amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide, goethite, delta-MnO2 and alpha-MnO2 were the potential oxidizing agents of natural and xenobiotic organic compounds. The oxidation rate of 2,4-DCP on the surface of these metal oxides was in order of delta-MnO2 >> alpha-MnO2 > iron oxides. It was observed from the pseudo-first-order kinetics that the reaction rates of manganese oxides were 3-50 times higher than those of iron oxides, and delta-MnO2 had a 1.5-3.2 times higher reaction rate than alpha-MnO2. Root exudates had a significant effect on the oxidation ability of metal oxides through changing the surface characteristics or involving in the reaction process. Upon the addition of ryegrass root exudates, the oxidation of 2,4-DCP was decreased in the suspension of alpha-MnO2 while increased in that of delta-MnO2. The coexistence of Cu probably influenced the oxidation process of 2,4-DCP on the surface of metal oxides. A greater negative effect of Cu on the oxidation of 2,4-DCP was also observed in the suspension of delta-MnO2 due to its strong adsorption toward Cu, as compared with that of alpha-MnO2.
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PMID:[Surface chemical behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenol in presence of metal oxides]. 1601 Nov 68


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