Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the treatment of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease using PTCA, success is limited due to restenosis rates ranging from 30-50% of the lesions treated. Medical approaches to reduce the rate of restenosis were therefore tested in a number of trials. However, in only a few randomized and controlled trials were positive effects reported. Inhibiting platelet aggregation through the use of anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody 7E3 and, in some studies, with 3 omega fatty acids, a significant reduction in the rate of restenosis was observed. Many trials testing less potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation, such as acetylsalicylic acid, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists, and ticlopidine as well as anticoagulants such as heparin or coumarin, calcium antagonists, ACE-inhibitors, antiproliferative agents such as colchicine, methylprednisolone, and angiopeptin were inconclusive or without a positive treatment effect. The results of a hirudin multicenter trial on the rate of restenosis (Helvetica Trial) will soon be reported. There are many possible reasons for these disappointing results, such as poor standardization of the invasive studies, in analyzing the degree of coronary artery stenoses, the inadequate sample size in many trials, and insufficient local drug concentrations as well as the lack of beneficial effects of the study medication. Thus, at present there is no effective treatment to reduce the restenosis rate following PTCA. However, it can be expected that potent antithrombins, or inhibitors of platelet aggregation, may be useful.
...
PMID:[Modification of re-stenosis with drugs]. 785 79

A large number of drug trials for prevention of restenosis have been conducted with many showing little or conflicting benefit. Antiplatelets such as aspirin, ticlopidine and thromboxane A2 receptor inhibitors have not shown a clear benefit. Similarly, antithrombotics, either acting indirectly such as heparin, or as direct thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin and hirulog, do not prevent restenosis. Trials with ACE inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fish-oil supplements have yielded inconclusive results. The antiproliferatives, angiopeptin, trapidil and tranilast have shown some benefit in small-scale studies. Other drug classes of potential benefit include the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, inhibitors of the early coagulation cascade, calcium channel blockers and nitric oxide donors. Drug research into restenosis prevention has been hampered by problems with the definition of restenosis and the applicability in humans of animal models. Although no single drug has conclusively proven effective yet, the promise of a number of agents, together with other nonpharmacological strategies will likely result in further reductions in the incidence of restenosis.
...
PMID:Pharmacological approaches for the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. 932 30

Do extremely old persons have a genetically favourable profile which has protected them from cardiovascular death? We have tried to answer this question by measuring DNA polymorphisms of selected cardiovascular risk indicators [factor VII, FVII (R/Q353, intron 7 (37bp)n, and -323ins10), beta fibrinogen (-455G/A), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, PAI-1 (-675(4G/5G)), tissue plasminogen activator, t-PA (intron 8 ins311), platelet receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, GPIIb/IIIa (L/P33), prothrombin (20210G/A), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR (A/V114), angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE (intron 16 ins287), and angiotensinogen (M/T235)]. Blood was collected from 187 unselected Danish centenarians, and 201 healthy Danish blood donors, aged 20-64 years (mean age 42 years). Genomic DNA was amplified using PCR and the genotype was determined by RFLP methods or allele-specific amplification followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of the high-risk alleles in centenarians were: for FVII R/Q353 0.91; for FVII intron 7 (37bp)n 0.67; for FVII-323 ins10 0.90; for fibrinogen 0.16; for PAI-1 0.52; for t-PA 0.59; for GPIIb/IIIa 0.16; for prothrombin 0.008; for MTHFR 0.33; for ACE 0.52; and for angiotensinogen 0.36. Comparable frequencies were observed in the blood donors. Subgroup analysis of men and women separately gave similar results. The genotype frequencies in the centenarians and the blood donors were similar for all polymorphisms, and this study suggests that common variations in genes associated with cardiovascular risk do not contribute significantly to longevity.
...
PMID:Longevity is independent of common variations in genes associated with cardiovascular risk. 1049 71

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for coronarosclerosis and for high mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). The causes of this high mortality are: more extensive and premature coronarosclerosis, more frequent left ventricular dysfunction, worse glycemic control with increased myocardial oxygen consumption, sulfanylurea drugs before and during MI. The results of a multicenter study (DIGAMI) and other studies suggest that a better control of diabetes using intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose, followed by long-term (3 months) intensive insulin therapy subcutaneously, improves long-term prognosis after MI. The relative reduction of mortality at the end of follow-up (3.4 years) is 28%. Thrombolysis reduces mainly mortality in hospital,s period and does not provoke retinal haemorrhages. Aspirin lowers the relative risk of mortality to 0.72. The beta-blockers are less used in diabetic patients because they probably alter diabetic control, lipid profile and "mask" the hypoglycemic symptoms, but the results of the beta-blocker's effect concerning reduction of mortality are convincing. ACE inhibitors and statins also reduce mortality in diabetics with MI, via beneficial influence of endothelial dysfunction. The ATMA study registers reduction of rhythmogenic mortality by 29% with amiodarone in high risk of arrhythmia after MI. The invasive methods of treatment in diabetes are accompanied by higher risk of reobstruction. The attempt to reduce this tendency is realizable with intracoronary stents, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and aggressive early treatment of all other risk factors.
...
PMID:[Diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarct--new answers and questions]. 1098 72

Inhibition of platelet aggregation with aspirin and anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin can be considered the gold standard treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Replacement of unfractionated heparins by low-molecular weight heparins seem to further improve the cardiovascular risk. Additional treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers led to a further reduction of the clinical event rate, especially in patients undergoing coronary interventions during an acute coronary syndrome (more than 30% relative risk reduction). However, the latter substances did only lead to marginal improvements in the setting of a conservative stabilization of patients with acute coronary syndrome (7% relative risk reduction). On the contrary, the initial treatment with clopidogrel in addition to aspirin and anticoagulation led to a 20% relative risk reduction for an endpoint of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in the CURE trial. The treatment with aspirin, clopidogrel (including loading-dose) for a treatment period of 3-12 months and anticoagulation for 2 days can be considered the new standard of treatment in patients with acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation, myocardial infarction). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers should be used especially during coronary interventions. Antianginal treatment should include nitrates and betablockers. A treatment with statins and ACE-inhibitors should be initiated in the early course of acute coronary syndrome for plaque stabilization.
...
PMID:[Modern therapy in acute coronary syndrome]. 1197 80

The pharmacological treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina, non-ST- and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) is dynamic and continues to evolve. Expert guidelines based on the results of clinical trials for the management of different types of ACS have been published. In both ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation MI, aspirin/clopidogrel, heparin/low molecular weight heparin/direct thrombin inhibitors, beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are part of the routine regimens. In patients with ST-segment elevation MI, eligibility for thrombolytic therapy needs to be determined and utilised as soon as possible. In patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI, the risks of thrombolytic therapy outweigh the benefits. The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has become increasingly important. The use of antihyperlipidaemic agents for the prevention of secondary events in both types of patients continue to be essential and the early aggressive use of lipid-lowering therapy also plays a role in improving endothelial function and stabilising atherosclerotic plaques.
...
PMID:Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of myocardial infarction. 1215 Jun 93

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases among diabetic patients is so high that diabetes mellitus is currently defined as a cardiovascular disease equivalent. Furthermore, diabetic patients who develop acute coronary syndromes have a poorer short-term and long-term prognosis, so primary and secondary preventive measures are critically important in this population subgroup. There is substantial evidence that pharmacological therapy for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is more effective in diabetic patients than in non-diabetics. This article reviews the evidence of the efficacy of pharmacological prevention therapies in diabetic patients in favor of an aggressive pharmacological preventive strategy. Every diabetic patient without known cardiovascular disease should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins. High-risk patients should also receive low-dose aspirin.Compared with non-diabetics, diabetic patients who develop acute coronary events benefit more from the addition of intensive antithrombotic therapy to aspirin treatment. Diabetic patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation syndromes have better outcomes when treated with clopidogrel or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and diabetics presenting with ST-segment elevation or left bundle-branch block have a greater survival benefit when given thrombolytic therapy compared with non-diabetic patients.Unless formal contraindications are present, diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease, particularly those with previous myocardial infarction, should always be treated with aspirin, betablockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins, regardless of lipid levels, left ventricular systolic function or the presence of congestive heart failure.
...
PMID:[Prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus]. 1223 27

Acute myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world and the paramount goal is establishing early, complete, and sustained reperfusion at the myocardial tissue level. For hospitals without the capacity to perform emergent percutaneous coronary intervention, fibrinolytic therapy plays a critical role although it is limited by a 67% success rate. Despite promising pilot studies, reduced-dose fibrinolytic therapy with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa therapy (GUSTO-V) and full-dose fibrinolytic therapy with enoxaparin (ASSENT-3) or bivalirudin (HERO-2) provide only marginally improved clinical outcomes. Adjunctive in-hospital and secondary preventive measures should include an aspirin, a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, and a statin, based on the Heart Protection Study, unless contraindicated. Patients should be risk stratified, participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program, cease smoking tobacco, and have an intracardiac defibrillator (ICD) implanted if their LV systolic function is < or = 30% at one month based on the MADIT-2 trial.
...
PMID:Optimal treatment and current situation in reperfusion after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. 1255 91

Ischaemic heart disease is rare in young women but is expected to increase with increasing average age of child bearing. Diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia in this group is complicated by limited data about maternal and fetal safety of the standard diagnostic tests routinely used in other patients. Management of these patients remains difficult, as many standard treatments, such as beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are pregnancy category C or D, and there is little experience with many of the newer treatments such as coronary artery stenting, clopidogrel and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in pregnancy. An interesting case of a woman, who had an acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis and coronary artery stenting, and who subsequently became pregnant, is reported here, and other published reports regarding the management of coronary artery disease, both acute and chronic, in pregnant women are explored.
...
PMID:Management of ischaemic heart disease in women of child-bearing age. 1561 Feb 15

Hyperglycemia is associated with excess mortality in AMI and should be treated aggressively in the intensive care setting. The exact goal of therapy is unclear because different blood glucose targets were used in earlier studies (eg, 215 mg/dL in DIGAMI versus 110 mg/dL in the Belgian study of critically-ill patients). In the setting of AMI, it is prudent to avoid excessive hypoglycemia and, thus, more modest goals for blood glucose may be considered until more definitive data are present. Aggressive therapy with continuous infusion of insulin seems to improve a host of metabolic and physiologic effects that are associated with acute hyperglycemia and improves mortality in the acute setting. Aggressive glycemic control should be coupled with appropriate use of reperfusion therapies, glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors, aspirin, 1-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and antithrombotic agents. The role of intensive chronic glucose control in reducing CV events is less clear but earlier studies were not well-powered; did not achieve aggressive, durable glycemic control; and did not use insulin-sensitizing agents routinely. Given the results of the DIGAMI trial, the goal of therapy postdischarge should include strict glycemic control while future studies help to delineate the role of insulin-sensitizing agents versus insulin-providing agents in reducing recurrent macrovascular events. Careful attention also should be paid to aggressive lifestyle modifications and treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and left ventricular dysfunction, as well as appropriate use of anti-platelet and antithrombotic agents.
...
PMID:The role of intensive glycemic control in the management of patients who have acute myocardial infarction. 1569 41


1 2 Next >>

---