Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative biological values (BV) of phosphorus in feed phosphates. Experiment 2 was a replicate of Experiment 1, except that an additional phosphate source was tested. Within experiments, each treatment was replicated twice. Each pen contained eight broiler cockerels. The experimental diets were composed primarily of corn and soybean meal. The reference phosphate [anhydrous, reagent-grade, dibasic calcium phosphate (AR-DCP)] was added to supply five levels of phosphorus. Each phosphate supplement was added to supply two levels of phosphorus. A regression equation was calculated based on logarithm g, nonphytate phosphorus per kilogram of diet versus the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed diets containing AR-DCP. Nonphytate phosphorus equivalents were calculated using the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed the test phosphates. The biological values of the test phosphates were determined as nonphytate phosphorus equivalents, minus the nonphytate phosphorus in the basal diet, divided by the amount of supplemental phosphorus. The BV obtained for the commercial phosphates in Experiments 1 and 2 were: dibasic calcium phosphate, 106 and 104; monobasic calcium phosphate. 102 and 104; defluorinated phosphate (DFP)-1, 88 and 90; and DFP-2, 100.
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PMID:The relative biological value of feed phosphates for chicks. 232 May 22

Six trained cyclists (high-fitness group) and six untrained individuals (low-fitness group), performed a 20-min cycle ergometer exercise test at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) followed by a 30-min rest period and then an incremental ride to exhaustion on two occasions, 1 week apart. Ninety minutes prior to exercise subjects consumed a drink containing either 22.2 g dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP; treatment) or calcium carbonate (placebo). Blood was drawn prior to drink ingestion, during submaximal exercise, during recovery and at exhaustion for determination of blood 2,3-DPG, blood ATP, plasma lactate, plasma phosphate, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Throughout exercise, cardiorespiratory variables [oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation, (VE), respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and oxygen pulse] were monitored, and ratings of perceived exertion obtained. Although there was a trend for the low-fitness group to have a higher plasma phosphate concentration prior to treatment ingestion, no treatment effects on plasma phosphate were noted at any sample time in either group. 2,3-DPG, VO2, oxygen pulse, VE, time to exhaustion and VO2max were significantly higher in the high-fitness group; however, no differences in these variables were observed as a result of phosphate ingestion. Plasma lactate was significantly lower in the high-fitness group during the submaximal exercise and the recovery period, but again phosphate ingestion had no effect. These results suggest that acute DCP supplementation is not effective as an ergogenic aid and that aerobic fitness level does not affect the response to phosphate supplementation.
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PMID:The effects of acute phosphate supplementation in subjects of different aerobic fitness levels. 882 Aug 90

The objective of this investigation was to develop a novel multifunctional coprocessed adjuvant consisting of three known diluents that show different consolidation mechanisms. The method of wet granulation was adopted for the preparation of coprocessed product. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and colloidal silicon dioxide (X1), lactose monohydrate (X2), and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate (X3, DCP) were used as independent variables in a simplex lattice design. Croscarmellose sodium was used at 4% level intragranularly in all the batches. The granules (44/120 #) were characterized for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, and Carr's index. The tablets of coprocessed adjuvants were characterized for crushing strength, friability, and disintegration time. Multiple linear regression was adopted for evolving refined mathematical models. A checkpoint batch was prepared and evaluated for particle size distribution, moisture uptake, and dilution potential by using nimesulide as a model drug. Microcrystalline cellulose shows poor flowability due to irregular shape and interlocking. Moreover, it loses a part of its compactibility on wet granulation. To attend these problems, a physical blend of 97% microcrystalline cellulose and 3% colloidal silicon dioxide M5 was prepared and used. The blend of MCC and colloidal silicon dioxide showed better flow than that of the original MCC. Hence, it may be easier to mix with lactose and dibasic calcium phosphate. The loss in compactibility of microcrystalline cellulose on wet granulation was also reduced due to presence of colloidal silicon dioxide. As expected, all the batches exhibited acceptable angle of repose (<35 degrees) and quick disintegration (<1 min). Full and refined models for Carr's index and crushing strength were evaluated. Based on the results of grid analysis, a checkpoint (50% MCC, 40% lactose, and 10% DCP) that satisfies both the conditions of Carr's index and crushing strength was selected. The adjuvants absorb very little moisture in the moisture uptake study. The results of dilution potential study reveal that up to 30% nimesulide, a poorly compressible drug, can be incorporated in the coprocessed product. In vitro drug dissolution from capsules containing pure drug powder and compressed tablets was comparable (f2 = 79). The results reveal that the desired product characters can be obtained by varying the quantity of MCC (a ductile material that undergoes plastic deformation), lactose (brittle material with low-fragmentation propensity), and DCP (brittle material with high-fragmentation propensity).
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PMID:Development of agglomerated directly compressible diluent consisting of brittle and ductile materials. 1276 May 65

The objectives of this study were to compare measurements of retention and prececal (pc) digestibility in evaluating mineral phosphorus (P) sources in 3- and 5-wk-old broilers. A corn-soybean meal-based basal diet was used (0.35% P on DM basis). Anhydrous monosodium phosphate (MSP(a)) or anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP(a)) was supplemented to increment the P concentration by 0.08%, 0.16%, and 0.24%. Titanium dioxide was used as the indigestible marker. Two retention trials with excreta collection from d 16 to 20 and d 30 to 34 were conducted (n = 8 birds per diet). Another 8 pens of 10 birds from the same hatch were allocated to each diet on d 11 or 25 each to measure pc digestibility in both age periods. After 10 d of feeding, these birds were euthanized and the content of a defined section of the terminal ileum was obtained. Percentage P retention and pc digestibility for MSP(a) and DCP(a) were calculated by linear regression analysis. In 3-wk-old broilers, P retention for MSP(a) was 70% and significantly higher (P < 0.001) than for DCP(a) (29%). Values determined for pc digestibility at the same age were very similar (67% for MSP(a) and 30% for DCP(a); P < 0.001). In 5-wk-old broilers, P retention was 63% (MSP(a)) and 29% (DCP(a); P < 0.001) and pc digestibility was 54% (MSP(a)) and 25% (DCP(a); P = 0.002). We concluded that both retention and pc digestibility can be used for evaluating mineral P sources in broilers based on a regression approach. In 3-wk-old broilers, results obtained with both approaches were the same. In 5-wk-old broilers, the ranking of the 2 P sources was also the same for both approaches. Values did not differ significantly between the 2 age periods, but further studies on the relevance of broilers' age in P evaluation are suggested.
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PMID:Comparison of retention and prececal digestibility measurements in evaluating mineral phosphorus sources in broilers. 2291 54

The main objective of this study was to compare different bone measurements in response to supplements of mineral P sources. Comparisons were also made with P retention and digestibility responses determined in a companion study and with blood inorganic phosphate (P(i)) responses. A corn-soybean meal-based basal diet was used (0.35% total P on DM basis). Anhydrous monosodium phosphate (MSP(a)) or anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP(a)) was supplemented to increment the P concentration by 0.08%, 0.16%, or 0.24%. Each of the 7 diets was fed for 10 d starting 11 d (period 1) or 25 d posthatch (period 2). Bone ash and P were determined, and density criteria were measured using quantitative computed tomography. Responses were evaluated and compared based on linear regression analysis. In general, responses to MSP(a) had a greater slope than DCP(a) for all criteria studied. In period 1, differences between the slopes were significant (P < 0.05) for almost all bone criteria. In period 2, the slopes significantly differed for the amounts of ash and P of all bones studied, for tibia, tarsometatarus, and foot ash percentage, for total and cortical density of tibiae, but not for the other criteria. For the different bones, the ratio of slopes for MSP(a) and DCP(a) was very similar based on the amount of ash in both periods. Foot ash proved to be as sensitive as tibia ash for evaluation of mineral P sources in both periods. Ninety-four percent of the variance of the corticalis content based on quantitative computed tomography measurements could be explained by the amount of tibia ash in period 1. Blood serum P(i) and BW gain were not suitable for P evaluation. We concluded that the ranking of mineral P sources based on bone criteria differed from the ranking that was based on P retention or prececal digestibility. This underlines the need for developing a standard protocol of determination of available P in poultry.
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PMID:Comparison and evaluation of bone measurements for the assessment of mineral phosphorus sources in broilers. 2291 55

Influence of ternary, poorly water-soluble components on the agglomerate strength of cohesive indomethacin mixtures during dissolution was studied to explore the relationship between agglomerate strength and extent of de-agglomeration and dissolution of indomethacin (Ind). Dissolution profiles of Ind from 20% Ind-lactose binary mixtures, and ternary mixtures containing additional dibasic calcium phosphate (1% or 10%; DCP), calcium sulphate (10%) and talc (10%) were determined. Agglomerate strength distributions were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation of particle size, work of cohesion and packing fraction distributions. The agglomerate strength of Ind decreased from 1.19 MPa for the binary Ind mixture to 0.84 MPa for 1DCP:20Ind mixture and to 0.42 MPa for 1DCP:2Ind mixture. Both extent of de-agglomeration, demonstrated by the concentration of the dispersed indomethacin distribution, and extent of dispersion, demonstrated by the particle size of the dispersed indomethacin, were in descending order of 1DCP:2Ind>1DCP:20Ind>binary Ind. The addition of calcium sulphate dihydrate and talc also reduced the agglomerate strength and improved de-agglomeration and dispersion of indomethacin. While not definitively causal, the improved de-agglomeration and dispersion of a poorly water soluble drug by poorly water soluble components was related to the agglomerate strength of the cohesive matrix during dissolution.
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PMID:Improving the de-agglomeration and dissolution of a poorly water soluble drug by decreasing the agglomerate strength of the cohesive powder. 2408 Mar 34