Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
 18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The concept of classical endocrine control of ovarian function has now been extended to a more complex regulator system, including paracrine and autocrine modulating mechanisms. Among many factors, locally produced intraovarian insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and the binding proteins (IGFBPs) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been shown to play an important role in the control of folliculogenesis and ovulation. Growth hormone (GH) amplified gonadotropin actions in the process of follicular development and ovulation, at least in part, stimulating ovarian IGF-I production. IGF-I as well as IGFBPs were produced by ovarian granulosa cells. IGF-I acted synergistically with gonadotropins in the stimulation of a variety of granulosa cell functions, including estradiol (E2) and progesterone production and plasminogen activator (PA) activity. Furthermore, rabbit ovarian cells and rat granulosa cells possessed specific IGF type I receptors. The biological effects of IGF-I, including intrafollicular PA activities and ovarian steroidogenesis, were modulated by a family of IGFBPs in a complex manner. In the ovary IGFBP-3 appeared to neutralize the actions of gonadotropin and IGF-I, probably via its ability to sequester IGF-I, in the process of follicular growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation. A functional local RAS is also known to exist in the ovary. Angiotensin II (Ang II) at 2-h intervals induced oocyte maturation, ovulation, and the production of E2 and prostaglandins (PGs) in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovaries in the absence of gonadotropin. In addition, the intrafollicular Ang II content and renin-like activity were enhanced during the ovulatory process by exposure to hCG, and the concomitant addition of saralasin inhibited hCG-induced ovulation in a dose-dependent manner. Captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, significantly inhibited the resumption of meiosis in the ovulated ova and follicular oocytes stimulated by hCG. Autoradiographic study revealed that AT2 receptors were predominantly located in granulosa cells, whereas AT1 receptors were more concentrated in the stroma and the thecal layers. Ang II-stimulated production of E2 and PGs and ovulation were significantly blocked by PD123319, a selective nonpeptide antagonist for AT2 receptors. The increase in ovarian IGF-I synthesis by exposure to hCG or GH induced the stimulation of intrafollicular PA activities. IGFBP-3 blocked the stimulatory effects of gonadotropin in the ovulatory process by neutralizing endogenously produced IGF-I, resulting in reduced intrafollicular PA activities. The increase in intrafollicular PA activities significantly stimulated the generation of Ang II in the preovulatory follicles by an activation of prorenin to renin and/or by the direct cleavage of angiotensinogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Regulatory system and physiological significance of local factors in the ovary during follicular development and maturation]. 759 85

Congestive heart failure is a multiple aetiology, high prevalence, poor prognosis cardiovascular disorder. Medical treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy is aimed at alleviating the symptoms of heart failure. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and very recently, beta-blockers have been shown to have favourable effects on symptoms, exercise capacity and mortality. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 are involved in several physiological processes such as the control of muscle mass and function, body composition and regulation of nutrient metabolism. The roles of GH and IGF-1 as modulators of myocardial structure and function are well established. Receptors for both GH and IGF-1 are expressed by cardiac myocytes; therefore, GH may act directly on the heart or via the induction of local or systemic IGF-1, whereas IGF-1 may act by endocrine, paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. Patients with acromegaly have an increased propensity to develop ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular diseases and, in addition, an impaired cardiac efficiency is observed in patients with GH deficiency. Animal models of pressure and volume overload have demonstrated up-regulation of cardiac IGF-1 production and expression of GH and IGF-1 receptors, implying that the local regulation of these factors is influenced by haemodynamic changes. Moreover, experimental studies suggest that GH and IGF-1 have stimulatory effects on myocardial contractility, possibly mediated by changes in intracellular calcium handling. Heart failure is caused by ventricular dilatation with abnormal wall thickening, which leads to impaired cardiac performance; therefore, based on the evidence available for GH we would expect beneficial effects from the use of GH in these patients. Several papers highlight the positive influence of GH in the regulation of heart development and performance. In patients with GH deficiency, GH administration dramatically improves cardiac function. In small nonblind studies, both short and long term GH treatment have demonstrated beneficial effects in patients with heart failure secondary to ischaemic or idiophatic cardiomyopathy. Recently, two randomised, placebo-controlled studies, did not show significant GH-mediated improvement in cardiac performance in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, despite significant increases in IGF-1. Acquired GH resistance, might be an important feature of severe heart failure and explain the different responses to GH therapy seen in different patients. Whether GH treatment will finally find a place, and with which modalities, in the treatment of heart failure remains to be established.
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PMID:Role of growth hormone in chronic heart failure. Therapeutic implications. 1108 97

[90Y-DOTA-Tyr3]octreotate, Abatacept, ABT-888, ACE-011, Adefovir dipivoxil, Alosetron hydrochloride, Aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, Amlodipine, Apaziquone, Aripiprazole, AS-101, Atomoxetine hydrochloride, Atrasentan, Azacitidine; Bevacizumab, Biphasic insulin aspart, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Brivanib alaninate; CERE-120, Cetuximab, Ciclesonide, Cinacalcet hydrochloride, Combretastatin A-1 phosphate, Conatumumab, CT-322; Dabigatran etexilate, Darunavir, Deforolimus, Desloratadine, Doripenem, Doxorubicin eluting beads, Duloxetine hydrochloride, Dutasteride; Escitalopram oxalate, Eszopiclone, Etravirine, Exenatide, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/simvastatin; Fluticasone furoate, Fondaparinux sodium; Gabapentin enacarbil, Ghrelin (human), Golimumab; IC-51, IDM-2, JX-594; Lidocaine/prilocaine, Liraglutide, Lopinavir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Lumiracoxib; Men ACWY, MxdnG1; Naproxcinod; OBP-301, Omalizumab; Paclitaxel nanoparticles, Pasireotide, Pazopanib hydrochloride, Pegaptanib octasodium, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Pegvisomant, Pemetrexed disodium, Pimecrolimus, Prasterone, Pregabalin; Raclopride, Ranelic acid distrontium salt, Ranibizumab, RB-006, Recombinant human relaxin H2, REG1, Regadenoson, Reximmune-C, Rilonacept; Saxagliptin, SCH-697243, Solifenacin succinate, Sorafenib; Tadalafil, Tapentadol hydrochloride, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, Tipifarnib, Tolvaptan; Vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, Vicriviroc, Volociximab, Vorinostat; WB-1001; Yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan.
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PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1979 55