Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
18,300 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goal of the current study was to determine whether treatment of hypertension reduces cerebral infarction after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Three-month-old SHRSPs received untreated drinking water or drinking water containing cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide. After 3 months of treatment, the left middle cerebral artery was occluded and neurological deficit was evaluated. Infarct volume was measured 3 days after occlusion using computer imaging techniques from brain slices. Cilazapril and hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide were equally effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in SHRSPs. One day after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, neurological deficit was decreased by both cilazapril and hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide compared with untreated SHRSPs, and the deficit 3 days after occlusion was decreased significantly only by cilazapril. Infarct volume was 178 +/- 7 mm3 (mean +/- SEM) in untreated SHRSPs, and it was significantly reduced to 117 +/- 15 mm3 by hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide and to 101 +/- 17 mm3 by cilazapril. Infarct volume in Wistar-Kyoto rats was 27 +/- 16 mm3. Thus, reduction in arterial pressure by hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor is protective against focal cerebral ischemia in SHRSPs.
...
PMID:Effect of antihypertensive treatment on focal cerebral infarction. 153 16

The author studied the effect of post-ischemic delayed hypoperfusion on the recovery process of brain function after complete cerebral ischemia in a dog model in which the existence of PDH had been shown previously by the author, using nicardipine as a tool to ameliorate the PDH, the effect of the drug also having been demonstrated by the author in the previous study. Twenty-four dogs underwent 15 min complete cerebral ischemia using aortic clamping method with aorto-atrial bypass formation. EEG (for 16 h) and brain functions, awakening, cranial nerve reflexes, motor functions, behaviors and respiratory functions were evaluated using neurological deficit score (NDS) periodically (for 120 h) after ischemia. Eight dogs (1 microgram group) received nicardipine 1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 for 4 h following 10 micrograms bolus iv injection 5 min after declamping of aorta, another 8 dogs (2 micrograms group) received 10 micrograms + 2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 nicardipine in the same manner as group 1, and the remaining 8 served as controls. In 1 microgram group the first appearance of EEG activities after ischemia was earlier than control group (41 +/- 11 vs 80 +/- 33 min), and also the appearance rate of alpha waves was higher than the controls (87.5% vs 25%) 16 h after declamping of aorta. NDS scores for awakening, behavior, and respiratory functions were better in 1 microgram than the controls between 36 and 48 h post-ischemia, but there were no significant changes in the scores between the two groups 120 h after ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:[The effects of post-ischemic delayed hypoperfusion on the process of recovery of brain function]. 236 39

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril proved to be an effective antihypertensive drug during a 5-year follow-up study of patients with severe hypertension who had been resistant to a triple-drug regimen. Of the 42 patients, 41 had to be treated additionally with diuretics. Because of hypokalemia, potassium supplements were necessary in 26 patients, despite the use of "potassium-saving" diuretics in 12 patients. Blood pressure was controlled sufficiently in 3/4 of the patients during the 5 years. Patients with a large elevation in plasma renin activity showed the best response to the treatment. Six patients died during the 5 years. Therapy had to be stopped in 11 patients because of complications. The following complications and adverse effects were observed: cerebral ischemia (n = 10), vertigo and orthostasis (10), exanthema (9), hypogeusia (7), circulatory failure (7), myocardial infarction (6), and scintigraphically demonstrable decrease of renal perfusion (5). One patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis suffered from acute renal failure, which was reversible after withdrawal of captopril. Significant changes of red and white blood cell counts, transaminases, lipids, urine protein excretion, and heart rate were not observed.
...
PMID:[Results of a 5-year study with captopril in patients with severe therapy-resistant hypertension]. 302 Mar 11

Systematic blood coagulation analyses were conducted in 32 severely hypertensive patients treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Two hours after the first captopril dose, fibrin monomer complexes had already increased. This rise was even more distinct after 26 h and 1 week. Tests after 6 and 12 months of therapy showed a regression of fibrin monomer complexes to pretreatment values. In several patients with a marked increase in fibrin monomer complexes, the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) became shorter and antiplasmin activity increased. The most pronounced increase in fibrin monomer complexes was seen in patients with a rapid and excessive blood pressure reduction. The concentration of fibrin monomer complexes also rose in 15 healthy normotensive subjects, after a single oral dose of captopril (25 mg). Additionally, the PTT was shortened and antiplasmin significantly rose. An inhibition of fibrinolysis by captopril could be demonstrated by the effect on fibrin plates and thrombus weight after streptokinase. Out of 58 patients with severe hypertension and atherosclerosis treated with captopril, 7 patients suffered vascular complications during antihypertensive therapy: myocardial infarction (n = 2), coronary insufficiency (1), cerebral ischemia (1), renal insufficiency (3). These ischemic lesions may be partly explained by the alterations of coagulation and fibrinolysis under captopril therapy.
...
PMID:Effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in man. 675 Feb 21

Recently, several antagonists of angiotensin II receptors (AII-A) have been developed and are now used as antihypertensive agents. The regional cerebral blood flow appears to show typical changes during the course of cerebral ischemia and AII-A may have a favorable effect on the flow in some situations. Moreover, activation of the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the development of cerebrovascular lesions in chronic hypertension. Because several enzymes appear to produce angiotensin II in the absence of classical renin-angiotensin system, it is possible that angiotensin II is produced in some blood vessels even after inhibition of the activity of ACE. Thus, AII-A may be more effective to treat cerebrovascular lesions during hypertension than ACE inhibitors.
...
PMID:[Angiotensin II receptor antagonists as the agents to treat cerebrovascular disease]. 1041 76

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is one of the mitochondrial enzymes considered important in the regulation of oxidative metabolism. To further understand the relationship between its activity and ischemic brain damage we conducted three experiments. We studied the effects of (1) duration of cerebral ischemia, (2) the Ca2+ channel blocker, nicardipine, and (3) the immunosuppressant, FK506, on PDH activity and energy metabolites during ischemia and reperfusion. In the first study we also measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). (1) Increasing the duration of the ischemic insult delayed the deactivation of PDH, slowed the resynthesis of high energy phosphates and the clearance of lactate, and impaired recovery of rCBF. Additionally, (2) nicardipine normalized PDH activities and improved the impaired metabolism after reperfusion, and (3) FK506 did not effect PDH activity, but significantly improved the impaired metabolism during the early phase of reperfusion. From these studies we conclude that PDH plays a role in the recovery of metabolism during reperfusion, and both nicardipine and FK506 improve metabolism during the early phase of reperfusion.
...
PMID:[Studies on brain pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and energy metabolites during ischemia and reperfusion]. 1079 Nov 3

The greatest profit of antihypertensive drug therapy consists in avoiding stroke. The blood pressure aimed at should be below 140/90 mmHg, in diabetic patients below 135/80 mmHg. There exist no special recommendations concerning the choice between the various antihypertensive drugs in use. As a matter of fact, it is advantageous to use in diabetic patients primarily ACE-inhibitors, if necessary in combination with calcium-antagonists. The profit of antihypertensive therapy in avoiding stroke is also proved among elderly patients. All vascular risks should be treated. In case of atrial fibrillation and of asymptomatic high-grade restriction of the carotic artery the indication for a surgical treatment respectively for a therapy with antiaggregating drugs should be considered. Secondary prevention: Hypertension after a cerebral ischemia increases the risk of a recurrent ischemic event. Antihypertensive therapy may probably reduce the risk of a recurrent stroke. Analyses performed so far are only incomplete on this subject. For the first time, the PROGRESS-study will show exact data. Special recommendations concerning the choice between the various antihypertensive drugs in use do not exist neither. Therefore, the recommendations of the German Hypertension League for secondary prevention correspond with those for primary prevention. Hypertension increases the risk of developing dementia. Antihypertensive therapy may apparently reduce significantly the risk of developing dementia. A further important aspect is non-dipping at sleep which is correlated with a worse prognosis of patients.
...
PMID:[Lowering blood pressure--preventing 4 out of 10 strokes. Fully utilizing antihypertensive therapy]. 1129 Nov 50

Previous studies have shown that angiotensin II (Ang II), by mediating rapid recruitment of collateral circulation, has a protective effect in the setting of acute ischaemia. In an experimental model of acute cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil, Fernandez et al. have reported that the mechanism of the protective effect of Ang 11 is blood pressure (BP)-independent, and that the AT1-receptor antagonist, losartan, but not the ACE inhibitor (ACE-I),enalapril, decreases mortality following unilateral carotid artery ligation. The aim of this study was to examine there producibility of the respective effects of losartan and enalapril, and to verify that these differential effects are drug class-related. Acute cerebral ischaemia was induced in anaesthetised gerbils bv unilateral carotid ligation. The effect of pretreatment with two different ACE-I(enalapril and lisinopril), and two different AT1-receptor antagonists (losartan and candesartan), administered orally or intravenously, on mortality were compared. Kaplan-Meier survival curves at day three were analysed bv a log-rank test. Pretreatment with both enalapril and lisinopril significantly decreased survival at day three compared with controls, while the AT1-receptor antagonists losartan and candesartan, despite similarly lowering BP, did not increase mortality. Coadministration of losartan and enalapril increased mortality to the same extent as enalapril alone. This study confirms that Ang II contributes to protective mechanisms against acute cerebral ischaemia through non AT1-receptor-mediated, BP-independent effects.
...
PMID:Non-AT(1)-receptor-mediated protective effect of angiotensin against acute ischaemic stroke in the gerbil. 1188 Nov 7

The fact that transient ischaemic attacks are a harbinger for the possible development of ischaemic stroke has been recognised for several decades. However, within the past decade, our concepts regarding transient ischaemic attacks as a distinct entity from stroke and the prognosis for transient ischaemic attack patients have been challenged. In addition, clinical trials have clarified that modern transient ischaemic attack management is more complex than in the past, with the addition of newer pharmacological options to the stroke prevention armamentarium. Recent information regarding newer antiplatelet agents is reviewed in this article, along with results of clinical trials pertaining to warfarin in stroke prevention. The evolving role of statins, ACE inhibitors and estrogen replacement is reviewed. Finally, the appropriate use of surgery following transient ischaemic attacks is outlined. Recent studies have shown that many patients will benefit from a multimodal pharmacological approach following transient cerebral ischaemia, and the potential for combination therapy is highlighted.
...
PMID:Transient ischaemic attacks : new approaches to management. 1266 89

Recent research demonstrates the complexity and variety of pathophysiologic processes underlying cerebral ischemia. This review will focus on the multimodal effects of the various drugs currently used for stroke prevention. The most recent clinical studies of each will also be reviewed, and the implications for clinical use and future research discussed. An evolving approach for stroke prevention will include a combination of antiplatelets, increased use of statins, ACE inhibitors and possibly vitamin therapy.
...
PMID:Multimodal effects of available drugs for ischemic stroke. 1611 Mar 47


1 2 Next >>

---