Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.15.1 (ACE)
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Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of mortality for children on renal replacement therapy. It has also been recognised as one of the major risk factors for progression of renal failure. The aim of the study was to define the prevalence of hypertension in children with chronic renal failure, treated in a single centre, and to assess the efficacy of its diagnosis and management. Hypertension was present in 27% of 40 children before the onset of chronic renal failure, increasing to 57% with the development of CRF, and reaching 86% at onset of dialysis. Reflux nephropathy, hemolytic-uraemic syndrome and glomerular disease were most frequently associated with severe hypertension. ACE inhibitors (70%), diuretics (52%), and calcium channel blockers were the most frequently used antihypertensives with 49% of the children being on monotherapy. Despite therapy 43% of children had elevated blood pressure levels and 16% had echocardiographic signs of LVH. A 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements were more sensitive in diagnosing hypertension and assessing adequacy of blood pressure control. Early and intensified treatment should prevent end organ damage though optimal blood pressure values to aim obtain are still to be defined.
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PMID:[Hypertension in children with chronic renal failure]. 1089 39

Reflux nephropathy is an acquired focal renal scarring due to the combination of vesicoureteral (VUR) and intrarenal reflux (IRR) associated with urinary tract infections (IUT) and/or permanently high intravesical pressure. Up to 30-60% of children with VUR and a history of symptomatic IUT have renal scarring at the time of their initial studies. The onset of renal scarring usually occurs early in life, usually before age five years and most frequently before three years of age. Girls are at greater risk for developing reflux nephropathy, because of increased incidence of IUT. Reflux nephropathy is different from a diffuse congenital renal scarring (hypo-dysplasia), which is usually discovered antenatally or during infancy in boys with severe VUR. Without serial follow-up (ultrasonography, intravenous pyelourography, 99mTc-DMSA scan) from birth, it is not always possible to differentiate congenital renal scarring from reflux nephropathy. In contrast to reflux nephropathy, congenital renal scarring cannot be prevented. 99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy is the gold standard technique (sensitivity 92%, specificity 98%) for the diagnosis of reflux nephropathy, but ultrasound is a good modality to monitor kidney growth over time. Reflux nephropathy and hypodysplasia are the main causes of chronic renal failure and arterial hypertension in children and adolescents in our country. The long-term follow-up of children with reflux nephropathy is mandatory, since its complications may take 10 to 20 years to develop. Uncontrollable arterial hypertension and proteinuria are the predictors of poor prognosis. The selective use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers is the efficient antihypertensive therapy, which also modify intrarenal haemodynamics and can preserve renal function.
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PMID:[Vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring]. 1836 11