Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.11.18 (MAP)
 7,412 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of the study was to examine the stability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood. The sample included 48 subjects from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who had one clinical visit during adolescence (mean age = 15.8 years) and a follow-up visit during adulthood (mean age = 26.6 years). The following variables were considered: treadmill time to exhaustion (TM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (%BF), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TC:HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), glucose (GLU), and systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MAP) blood pressure. A composite risk factor score using variables consistent with the WHO and ATP III definition of the metabolic syndrome (WC, HDL-C, TG, MAP, and GLU) was calculated. Tracking coefficients were computed as partial correlations, controlling for length of follow-up (mean = 11 years). Tracking coefficients (r values) were moderate for all variables (TM, 0.53; BMI, 0.64; WC; 0.79;%BF, 0.44; TC, 0.62; HDL-C, 0.60; TG, 0.54; TC:HDL-C, 0.78; SBP, 0.45; and MAP, 0.41), except GLU (0.26) and DBP (0.21). The composite risk factor score also tracked moderately well (0.56) from adolescence into adulthood. The results support previous findings that variables associated with the metabolic syndrome track moderately well from adolescence to adulthood. The findings support the prevention and treatment of obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome during childhood and adolescence.
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PMID:Stability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. 1549 27

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in women, few studies have examined the role of psychosocial factors in its development. This study examined the moderating effects of sociotropic cognition (SC), a need for social acceptance and approval, on psychosocial stress-induced cardiovascular responsiveness (CVR) and affect reactivity in women. Sixty-eight normotensive, college-aged females were randomly assigned to a low or high social threat condition. Measures of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SBP, DBP and MAP, respectively), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and negative affect were collected during rest, and under conditions of high vs. low interpersonal threat. A two-step hierarchical regression analysis was performed to predict all response variables (BPs, HR, CO, TPR and affect). Increases in SBP, DBP, MAP, TPR and negative affect were greater in the high threat than low threat condition. Changes in SBP, MAP and TPR positively covaried with SC under conditions of high interpersonal threat, but showed no significant covariation in the low threat condition. The data suggest that an excessive need for social acceptance may contribute to rises in BP through an increase in TPR, but not CO under conditions of high social threat.
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PMID:Sociotropic cognition moderates stress-induced cardiovascular responsiveness in women through effects on total peripheral resistance, but not cardiac output. 1572 90

This study tested the hypotheses that ambulatory heart rate and blood pressure would be higher for individuals high but not low in hostility when they experienced negative affect or social stress and that this interaction would be stronger for Indians compared with other Singapore ethnic groups. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was done on 108 male Singapore patrol officers as they went about their daily duties. After each BP measurement participants completed a computerized questionnaire including items on emotional experience. Individuals high in hostility showed higher systolic blood pressure when reporting negative affect whereas this was not true for those low in hostility. Ethnic differences were obtained such that Indians showed an increase in mean arterial pressure when angered whereas MAP was negatively related to anger for Malays and unrelated for Chinese. Also a three-way interaction between ethnicity, hostility, and social stress indicated that hostility and social stress interacted in their effects on DBP for Indian participants but not for Chinese or Malays. Finally, a three-way interaction was obtained between ethnicity, hostility and negative affect for heart rate in which heart rate increased with increasing levels of negative affect for Chinese high in hostility and Malays low in hostility but decreased with increasing negative affect for all other participants. These data are consistent with higher CHD rates among individuals high in hostility and also provide additional evidence on ethnic differences in cardiovascular reactivity in Singapore.
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PMID:The relationship of hostility, negative affect and ethnicity to cardiovascular responses: an ambulatory study in Singapore. 1580 52

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-, medium- and long-term reproducibility of cardiovascular responses during 90 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) in healthy older men. Twenty-eight healthy male subjects aged 69 (95% confidence intervals, 68-70) years participated in the study. Eight subjects underwent duplicate 90 degrees HUT tests on consecutive days, while 20 subjects underwent four 90 degrees HUT tests performed at baseline, and after 1 week, 1 month and 1 year. Following a 20-min supine resting period, each subject was rapidly tilted to the upright vertical position (90 degrees HUT) and remained in that position for 15 min. Beat-by-beat recordings of mean (MAP), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures were made via Finapres, while heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously from an electrocardiogram. No significant test-retest differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the changes in HR, MAP, SBP or DBP during 90 degrees HUT. These measurements demonstrated high reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, r = 0.91-0.99, P < 0.05). The supine resting and tilted HR, MAP, SBP and DBP over the 1-week, 1-month and 1-year period were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from baseline, and demonstrated high reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, r = 0.82-0.98, P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that in healthy older men, cardiovascular responses during orthostasis are highly reproducible, and this reproducibility is maintained over a 12-month period. These findings demonstrate that the 90 degrees HUT test offers a reproducible method of monitoring longitudinal orthostatic responses in healthy older men.
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PMID:Reliability of orthostatic responses in healthy men aged between 65 and 75 years. 1583 51

Childhood obesity and its consequences have been the subject of intense interest in recent years. In this study we examined the influence of overweight on circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in Chinese adolescents. First, 24-hr ABP monitoring was performed in 252 adolescents divided into two groups with equivalent sex, age, and body height (49 girls and 77 boys in each group): controls (normal weight) were aged 13.68 +/- 1.21 years, height 165.37 +/- 9.45 cm, body mass index (BMI) 18.82 +/- 2.3; overweights (BMI > or = 24) were aged 13.71 +/- 1.23 years, height 165.75 +/- 9.47 cm, BMI 27.70 +/- 3.1. ABP recordings were treated by ABP database system and analyzed by cosinor method and conventional statistics methods. The circadian variations of ABP in adolescent patterned as "dipper" and circadian rhythmicity of ABP variations were confirmed by cosinor analysis in most adolescents of both groups. Significant statistical differences were found for rhythm parameters: the MESOR (midline estimate statistic of rhythm), peak, trough (the maximum and minimum values derived from the composed curves, respectively), and amplitude values between control and overweight groups. Significant higher values also were seen in the overweight group for most of ABP parameters (p < .01), such as, BP means (SBP, DBP, MAP: mean arterial pressure, or PP: pulse pressure), BP variability, BP loads and rate-pressure product (HR x SBP). Our results have shown that overweight influenced significantly on ABP and parameters derived from ABP recordings in Chinese adolescents, which suggests an increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases in overweight adolescents.
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PMID:Overweight influence on circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure in Chinese adolescents. 1583 82

Most noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) devices use the oscillometric method. Published studies of oscillometric methodology introduced varied algorithmic approaches for determination of systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures. While there is a general agreement about MAP determination, controversy exists about the determination of SBP and DBP Accuracy of oscillometric devices has been questioned and validation studies have revealed problems. Several validation protocols have been developed but they are expensive and time consuming to conduct and they have their own limitations. Instruments for bench testing of NIBP devices are useful for some device functions, but they cannot perform dynamic accuracy tests. The issue of accuracy is becoming very important as health care professionals increasingly rely on electronic NIBP devices. The authors developed a compact system for acquisition of NIBP waveforms. Some representative oscillometric waveforms are introduced here to demonstrate the oscillometric method and its shortcomings. A finger photoplethysmograph (PPG) was used to demonstrate a potential improvement of SBP determination. The concept and significance of an oscillometric blood pressure waveform database is introduced and its applications are discussed.
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PMID:Oscillometric blood pressure measurement: the methodology, some observations, and suggestions. 1591 8

A cross-sectional study of 150 adult Bengalee Hindu male jute mill workers of Belur, a suburb of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to study the relationship of age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure. The mean age and the BMI of the subjects were 40.7 years (S.D. = 15.2) and 23.2 kg/m2 (S.D. = 3.2), respectively. The mean SBP, DBP and MAP were 124.7 mmHg (S.D. = 7.8), 81.5 mmHg (S.D. = 5.7) and 95.9 mmHg (S.D. = 6.1), respectively. Age had similar significant (p < 0.001) correlations with BMI and WC. Age and WC were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with all the three blood pressure variables. In general, the correlations of BMI with SBP (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), DBP (r = 0.15, n.s.) and MAP (r = 0.19, p < 0.05) were weaker. Age controlled multiple regression analyses demonstrated that BMI did not have a significant effect of any blood pressure variable. However, WC had a significant impact (p < 0.0001) on SBP (t = 7.068), DBP (t = 5.190) and MAP (t = 6.387), even after adjusting for the effect of age. Moreover, even after age adjustment, percent variations in SBP (20.7%), DBP (12.5%) and MAP (17.2%) explained by WC were high. This significant impact (p < 0.0001) of WC on SBP (t = 9.426), DBP (t = 8.349) and MAP (t = 9.642) remained even after controlling for the combined effects of age and BMI.
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PMID:The relationship of age, body mass index and waist circumference with blood pressure in Bengalee Hindu male jute mill workers of Belur, West Bengal, India. 1596 71

Increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity are key features of diabetes mellitus that eventually result in cardiovascular abnormalities. We assessed whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione precursor, could prevent the hyperglycaemia induced increase in oxidative stress, restore NO availability and prevent depression of arterial blood pressure and heart rate in vivo in experimental diabetes. Control (C) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats were treated or not treated with NAC in drinking water for 8 weeks, initiated 1 week after induction of diabetes. At termination, plasma levels of free 15-F2t-isoprostane, a specific marker of oxygen free radical induced lipid peroxidation, was increased while the plasma total antioxidant concentration was decreased in untreated diabetic rats as compared to control rats (P<0.05). This was accompanied by a significant reduction of plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite, stable metabolites of NO, (P<0.05, D vs. C) and a reduced endothelial NO synthase protein expression in the heart and in aortic and mesenteric artery tissues. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SBP, DBP and MAP) and heart rate (HR) were reduced in diabetic rats (P<0.05 vs. C) and NAC normalised the changes that occurred in the diabetic rats. The protective effects may be attributable to restoration of NO bioavailability in the circulation.
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PMID:Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine restores systemic nitric oxide availability and corrects depressions in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in diabetic rats. 1639 Aug 27

Chronic aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure (BP), peripheral resistance and cardiac work, and is used widely in antihypertensive and cardiac rehabilitation programmes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the cardiovascular benefits of training would occur progressively over several weeks and would diminish over a similar time course on termination of training. In all, 17 young, healthy men undertook a 4-week programme of cycle ergometry (30 min at 60% VO2peak 3-4 times/week) and 13 subjects matched for age, body mass index and fitness acted as controls. Resting BP and rate-pressure product (RPP) had fallen significantly after only 1 week's training and reached a nadir after 2 weeks training. At this time, BP had fallen from 121+/-7/66+/-6 to 110+/-5/57+/-7 mmHg and resting RPP had fallen from 85+/-10 to 71+/-9 (mmHg (beats min-1))-2 (P<0.001 each). In parallel, resting forearm conductance had risen from 0.026+/-0.010 to 0.052+/-0.029 (ml min-1) 100 ml-1 mmHg-1 and peak reactive hyperaemia following 3 min brachial artery occlusion was increased from 0.105+/-0.031 to 0.209+/-0.041 (ml min-1) 100 ml-1 mmHg-1 (P<0.001 each). No significant further circulatory changes occurred over weeks 3-4 of training. On cessation of training, all values returned to pretraining levels within between 1 (SBP, RPP, vascular conductance) and 2 (DBP, MAP, heart rate, reactive hyperaemia) weeks. The results indicate that the optimal cardiovascular benefits of moderate exercise occur rapidly. At least with short training programmes, the benefits regress once training stops just as quickly as they appeared.
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PMID:Rapid onset and offset of circulatory adaptations to exercise training in men. 1639 17

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for ESRD patients and we have little knowledge about the presence and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children with CRF. The measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) using high-resolution ultrasonography is suggested as an excellent marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of atherosclerosis and to determine the relationship between atherosclerosis and some risk factors in children and young adults with ESRD. Thirty-four patients with ESRD and 20 controls were included in this study. The measurement of cIMT was performed by using a linear B-mode 7.5-MHz ultrasound transducer. We determined anemia, abnormal calcium/phosphate metabolism, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and increased lipoprotein (a) levels in the ESRD group. The cIMT in the ESRD group was higher than in the control group (P<0.05). SBP, DBP, MAP, LVMI and LVH prevalence were statistically higher in the ESRD group (P<0.05). There were significant positive correlations between cIMT and LVMI, MBP, whereas a significant negative correlation was determined between cIMT and PTH in the ESRD group (P<0.05). When a multiple linear regression analysis was performed with cIMT as a dependent variable and LVMI, MBP, PTH, as independent variables, a significant positive correlation was determined between cIMT and LVMI (P<0.05). In conclusion, we think that arteriopathy occurs in children with ESRD. Left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension may associate with vascular changes in children and young adults with ESRD. Further investigations are necessary to explain association of LVMI index with cIMT.
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PMID:Carotid artery thickness in children and young adults with end stage renal disease. 1694 11


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