Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.11.18 (MAP)
 7,412 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

5,5'-Bis[8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate] (bis-ANS), the fluorescent probe which binds to tubulin, inhibits its assembly into microtubules [Horowitz et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14647-14650]. The results described in this paper demonstrate that bis-ANS is quite distinct from other well-known microtubule inhibitors in its specificity of action. The inhibitory potentials of bis-ANS and its three structural analogues ANS, Prodan [6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene], and NSA (naphthalenesulfonic acid) have been compared. It is found that they can be arranged in the following order according to their polymerization inhibitory potentials: bis-ANS approximately equal to Prodan much greater than ANS greater than NSA. Interestingly, the naphthalene nucleus is sufficient to cause inhibition of polymerization. Detailed experiments were carried out to examine the mode of assembly inhibition by aminonaphthalenes at the molecular level, using bis-ANS as a representative. It was found that there was little or no effect of bis-ANS on the assembly of tubulin when polymerization was induced by assembly promoters like taxol, DMSO, or glutamate, or on the assembly of subtilisin-digested protein (tubulin S), for all of which half-maximal inhibition could not be achieved even at 120 microM bis-ANS. On the contrary, bis-ANS acts as an inhibitor in the case of MAP- (MAP2 and tau) and poly(L-lysine)-induced assembly of tubulin, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 7.6 microM. Our results place bis-ANS as a novel inhibitor, which seems to specifically inhibit C-termini-mediated assembly. Of all assembly inhibitors known so far, none exhibits such selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Bis-ANS as a specific inhibitor for microtubule-associated protein induced assembly of tubulin. 163 59

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) plasma pharmacokinetics was followed up in a total of 30 New Zealand rabbits after i.v. administration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) of either an aqueous suspension or a homogeneous solution of the drug in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). A well-defined triphasic decay of MAP plasma levels was noticeable in the animals treated with DMSO solutions. A delayed concentration peak was often present when aqueous suspensions were used, so if is not feasible to fit the experiment with simple polyexponential equations. Model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis (statistical moment theory) revealed a significant dependence of plasma clearance and mean residence time on the dose administered in both conditions.
 ...
PMID:Medroxyprogesterone acetate plasma pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration in rabbits. 295 13

Adenosine is a potent arterial vasodilator that, because of a short duration of action and acid lability, is ineffective in the oral treatment of hypertension. Y-341 is a synthetic adenosine analog that is acid stable and has a prolonged duration of action. It is highly selective for the A2 receptor, which is prevalent in the vascular smooth muscle and mediates vasodilation. To determine the efficacy of Y-341 as an antihypertensive agent, the effect of Y-341 on arterial pressure was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the awake state, 3 to 4 days after arterial cannulation. Y-341 (3 mg/kg) was dissolved in 5% DMSO and administered by gavage. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously at predetermined intervals. Fifteen minutes after administration, Y-341 reduced MAP from 180 +/- 4 to 126 +/- 2 mm Hg (n = 9, P < .001). There was no significant change in heart rate. The hypotensive effect was sustained over 8 h. Vehicle (n = 5) had no effect on blood pressure. The hypotensive effect was dose dependent when the dose of Y-341 was increased from 3 to 6 and 12 mg/kg. When Y-341 was administered at 3 mg/kg/day in a single dose for 5 consecutive days, there was no significant change in the magnitude of the hypotensive response over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The hypotensive effect of an oral adenosine analog with selectivity for the A2 receptor in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 766 28

We have characterized an activity in sea urchin eggs which prevents microtubule assembly at minus ends. Using Chlamydomonas axoneme fragments to nucleate the assembly of plus and minus end microtubules, we find robust assembly at microtubule plus ends with negligible assembly at minus ends. The minus end assembly inhibitor does not co-pellet with microtubules when assembly is stimulated with DMSO while the resulting pellet of tubulin and microtubule associated proteins readily assembles from both plus and minus ends of axoneme fragments. Addition of increasing concentrations of porcine bran tubulin to the tubulin and MAP-depleted fraction eventually saturates the minus end inhibitory activity. Compared to purified tubulin, cytosolic fractions both increase the minus end critical concentration approximately 3 fold and decrease the plus end critical concentration. The inhibitory activity is removed by heating, trypsin, or by co-immunoprecipitation with tubulin. We hypothesize that a tubulin dimer binding protein is responsible for preventing assembly onto minus ends in our in vitro assays and speculate that this protein functions in vivo to prevent spontaneous nucleation, thus limiting assembly to nucleation sites.
 ...
PMID:Mechanisms blocking microtubule minus end assembly: evidence for a tubulin dimer-binding protein. 887 19

A polyurethane foam (PUF) sponge was mounted in a cassette sampler and evaluated as a sorbent for the collection of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and HDI-based oligomers. Recovery studies indicated 112 +/- 34% average recovery of HDI monomer and 92 +/- 9% and 97 +/- 25% average recovery of HDI-based oligomers when using impregnated PUF sponges. The PUF sponge was also evaluated during actual spray-painting operations. In a series of side-by-side sampling events, an impinger filled with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MOP) in toluene was compared directly with a cassette sampler containing a PUF sponge impregnated with MOP or 1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)piperazine (MAP) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). For the analysis of HDI-based oligomer, there is no significant difference (p < 0.05, n = 7) in the air concentration when sampling with either the PUF sponge cassette or the impinger. The results are significant because they indicate that a PUF sponge, which is more convenient than an impinger, may be used for the collection of HDI-based oligomer generated during spray-painting operations.
 ...
PMID:Determination of hexamethylene-based isocyanates in spray-painting operations. Part 1. Evaluation of a polyurethane foam sponge sampler. 1020 93

The role of Ras and MAP kinases (MAPKs) in the regulation of erythroid differentiation was studied using a cell line (SKT6) derived from Friend virus (Anemic strain)-induced murine erythroleukemia. This cell line undergoes differentiation in vitro in response to erythropoietin (EPO) or other chemical inducers such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). When a constitutively active ras mutant (ras12V) was expressed in SKT6 cells, EPO-induced differentiation was inhibited. Conversely, a dominant negative ras mutant (ras17N) induced differentiation even in the absence of EPO, suggesting that the basal Ras activity is essential for the maintenance of the undifferentiated phenotype and proliferative potential in this cell line. Rapid inactivation of ERK was observed after expression of ras17N. Slow but significant inactivation of ERK was also observed during EPO-induced differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of ERK-activating kinase (MAPKK) was found to suppress erythroid differentiation, while pharmacological inhibition of MAPKK induced differentiation. These findings suggest that down-regulation of Ras/ERK signaling pathway may be an essential event in EPO-induced erythroid differentiation in this system.
 ...
PMID:Induction of erythroid differentiation by inhibition of Ras/ERK pathway in a friend murine leukemia cell line. 1073 9

Changes in the osmolarity of the airway surface fluid have been described to be involved in the pathogenesis of exercise induced asthma, and are suggested as the major cause of the lung disease in cystic fibrosis. In this study, we examined the signaling pathway of hyperosmotic challenge to interleukin-8 (IL-8). Hyperosmolarity (NaCl) caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in IL-8 expression and secretion in bronchial epithelial cells. These effects could be blocked by antioxidants, such as DMSO, DMTU, DTT, and beta-mercaptoethanol, suggesting an involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in the signal transduction of hyperosmolarity-induced IL-8 synthesis. Since IL-8 is regulated by MAP kinases, we examined the influence of MAP kinase inhibitors on hyperosmolarity-induced IL-8 expression. The results show that this induction is regulated by p38 MAPK and not by ERK1/2. Furthermore, antioxidants blocked the activation of p38 MAPK induced by hyperosmolarity. These results suggest that ROIs are critical for p38 MAPK mediated IL-8 expression by hyperosmolarity.
 ...
PMID:Reactive oxygen intermediates are involved in IL-8 production induced by hyperosmotic stress in human bronchial epithelial cells. 1102 15

Hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, can also induce haemoglobinization in certain erythroid cell lines. In this study, we report that intracellular peroxides levels were increased in HU-treated murine erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells and that l-acetyl-N-cysteine (LNAC), a potent reducing reagent, had a significant inhibitory effect on the HU-mediated induction of beta-globin, delta-aminolaevulinate synthase mRNA expression and haemoglobinization of MEL cells. In contrast, the addition of LNAC to dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)-treated MEL cells had a much smaller effect on the number of haemoglobinized cells. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in HU-mediated induction of erythroid differentiation and that HU induces MEL cell differentiation by a mechanism different to that involved in DMSO-mediated differentiation. Our findings also suggest that the induction of MEL cell differentiation by HU does not involve RAS-MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signalling.
 ...
PMID:Oxidative stress is involved in hydroxyurea-induced erythroid differentiation. 1275 10

Gap junction channels are essential for intercellular communication. Among the most abundant gap junction channel proteins is connexin 43 (Cx43). The goal of our study was to find out, whether Cx43 content may be regulated via adenylyl cyclase (AC)/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) pathways or by a tyrosine kinase coupled pathway, i.e. TNF alpha-receptor dependent pathway. Therefore, we used HeLa cells transfected with Cx43 and exposed these cells for 24 h to either db-cAMP (10(-4)M), forskolin (10(-5)M), the phorbolester phorbol-12,13-didecanoate PDD (10(-7)M) (or its inactive form 4 alpha-PDD), TNF alpha (10 U/ml) with or without additional treatment with the MAP kinase inhibitors SB203580 (10(-5) M, p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor) or the MEK1-inhibitor PD98059 (10(-5)M). Cx43 content was analysed using Western blot analysis. All results were confirmed by a second series of identical experiments using Cx43 immunohistochemistry. We found significantly enhanced Cx43 content in cells treated with db-cAMP, forskolin, PDD or TNF alpha (p<0.05), while 4 alpha-PDD or the solvent DMSO exerted no effect. These increases in Cx43 content could be completely suppressed by SB203580 (p<0.05) but not by PD98059. In absence of a stimulating drug, these inhibitors (SB203580 or PD98059) did not affect Cx43 content. Additional PCR experiments revealed increases in Cx43-mRNA under the influence of db-cAMP, forskolin, PDD or TNFalpha (p<0.05), which all could be completely suppressed by SB203580. From these results we conclude that 1.Cx43 content can be regulated via AC/cAMP/PKA, PKC and TNF alpha-receptor-dependent pathways 2. Activation of p38 MAP kinase is a common pathway for regulation of Cx43 content in HeLa cells
 ...
PMID:Chronic regulation of the expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43 in transfected HeLa cells. 1282 13

Expression of human beta-defensins is correlated with differentiation in the oral epithelium, consistent with their function as part of the epithelial antimicrobial barrier. Because calcium is a known regulator of epithelial differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that calcium concentration mediates beta-defensin expression. Gingival epithelial cells were cultured in medium containing low calcium concentration (0.03 mM), then either changed to high extracellular calcium concentrations or stimulated with thapsigargin to release intracellular calcium stores in the presence or absence of BAPTA-AM, a calcium chelator. Human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) mRNA expression was rapidly induced by thapsigargin, and more slowly induced by high extracellular calcium. Induction of hBD-2 peptide was confirmed by immunofluorescence. BAPTA-AM inhibited hBD-2 induction by both thapsigargin and calcium in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, BAPTA-AM inhibited hBD-2 induction by a bacterial stimulant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intracellular calcium is a critical mediator of hBD-2 expression. Abbreviations used in this study are: BAPTA-AM, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester); DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; F. nucleatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBDs, human beta-defensins; HGECs, human gingival epithelial cells; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; and RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase/polymerase chain-reaction.
 ...
PMID:Intracellular calcium in signaling human beta-defensin-2 expression in oral epithelial cells. 1457 98


1 2 Next >>