Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.11.18 (MAP)
 7,412 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A methionine aminopeptidase that specifically removes methionine residues from peptides with amino-terminal sequences of Met-Ala-, Met-Val-, Met-Ser-, Met-Gly-, and Met-Pro- but not Met-Leu- or Met-Lys- has been isolated to homogeneity from porcine liver by a procedure involving five chromatographic steps. The enzyme, whose specificity matches that predicted for the entity responsible for the co-translational amino-terminal processing of nascent polypeptide chains, has a measured molecular mass of 70,000 Da by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and 67,000 Da by gel chromatography (under nondenaturing conditions), suggesting the native molecule is a monomer. It is activated by Co2+ and inhibited by beta-mercaptoethanol and EDTA. With octapeptide substrates related to the amino-terminal portion of the beta-chain of human hemoglobin (with a histidine in position 3), the enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.0. With a synthetic peptide devoid of histidine, it showed no pH dependence from 6.0 to 8.0. This sensitivity may be due to the propensity of peptides with histidine in the third position to bind divalent cations such as Co2+. The measured Km and kappa cat values were affected by residues in the second position. The peptide corresponding to the natural sequence (Met-Val-His-) gave a kappa cat/Km value of 260 mM-1 s-1; substitution of alanine in the second position raised the kappa cat/Km to 1523 mM-1 s-1, but substitution of proline lowered the value to 130. The effects are primarily on the kappa cat. The substitution of proline (for histidine) in the third position, the mutation found in hemoglobin Long Island, prevents the removal of the methionine residue, as occurs with the mutant protein. The porcine liver enzyme is similar to methionine aminopeptidases isolated from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and yeast in that it also is stimulated by Co2+. However, it is much larger than these enzymes and differs somewhat in specificity, particularly with the yeast enzyme.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of the methionine aminopeptidase from porcine liver responsible for the co-translational processing of proteins. 132 7

A synthetic gene encoding the Group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus has been constructed and expressed with high efficiency in Escherichia coli. No enzymatic activity was recovered when the polypeptide contained the initiator Met residue. Replacement of an Asn residue penultimate to the initiator Met with Ser or Gly permitted removal of the initiator Met by the endogenous methionine aminopeptidase. The amino-terminal serine (N-Ser) and amino-terminal glycine PLA2's were isolated from intracellular inclusion bodies and were renatured with 25% recovery. Automated Edman degradation confirmed the removal of the initiator Met and confirmed the sequence of the first 40 residues of N-Ser PLA2. The recombinant proteins were purified to apparent homogeneity and showed the same specific activity as the wild-type protein. N-Ser PLA2 demonstrated the same kinetics of activation as the wild type enzyme on large vesicles of zwitterionic lipid.
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PMID:Expression of a group II phospholipase A2 from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus in Escherichia coli: recovery and renaturation from bacterial inclusion bodies. 133 91

Previously we reported that chymotryptic fragments of bovine adrenal 190-kDa microtubule-associated proteins (27-kDa fragment) and bovine brain tau (14-kDa fragment) contained microtubule-binding domain (Aizawa, H., Murofushi, H., Kotani, Hisanaga, S., Hirokawa, N., and Sakai, H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 3782-3787; Aizawa, H., Kawasaki, H., Murofushi, H., Kotani, S., Suzuki, K., and Sakai, H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7703-7707). In order to study the structure of microtubule-binding domain of the two microtubule-associated proteins, we analyzed the amino acid sequence of the 27-kDa fragment and compared the sequence with that of the 14-kDa fragment. This revealed that 190-kDa microtubule-associated protein and tau contained at least one common sequence of 20 amino acid residues in their microtubule-binding domains. A synthetic polypeptide corresponding to the common sequence (Lys-Asn-Val-Arg-Ser-Lys-Val-Gly-Ser-Thr-Glu-Asn-Ile-Lys- His-Gln-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Ala-Lys) was bound to microtubules competitively with the 190-kDa MAP. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) for the binding of the polypeptide to microtubules was estimated to be 1.8 x 10(-4) M, and the maximum binding reached 1.2 mol of the synthetic polypeptide/mol of tubulin dimer. This synthetic polypeptide increased the rate and extent of tubulin polymerization and decreased the critical concentration of tubulin for polymerization. The polypeptide-induced tubulin polymers were morphologically normal microtubules and were disassembled by cold treatment. The common sequence (termed assembly-promoting sequence) was thus identified as the active site of 190-kDa microtubule-associated protein and tau for the promotion of microtubule assembly. The reconstitution system of microtubules with this synthetic polypeptide with assembly-promoting sequence may be useful to elucidate detailed molecular mechanism of the promotion of microtubule assembly by microtubule-associated proteins.
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PMID:A common amino acid sequence in 190-kDa microtubule-associated protein and tau for the promotion of microtubule assembly. 249 69

Crude extracts of a multiply peptidase-deficient strain of Salmonella typhimurium contain an aminopeptidase that specifically removes N-terminal methionine from peptides. This activity shows pronounced specificity for the peptide's second amino acid. Methionine is removed from peptides with alanine, threonine, or glycine in this position but not when the second amino acid is leucine or methionine. The activity is stimulated by Co2+ and is inhibited by EDTA. Mutations that lead to overproduction (up to 30-fold) of the activity have been obtained by selecting for growth on Met-Gly-Gly as a methionine source. These mutations map at approximately 3 map units, phage P22 cotransducible with leu. The overproducer mutations are dominant to wild type, and duplication of the wild-type allele of the locus leads to a gene dosage effect on peptidase levels. This suggests that the locus of the overproducer mutations may be the structural gene for the peptidase. NaDodSO4/PAGE shows an increased level of a single protein (34 kDa) in the overproducer mutant. This protein is highly enriched in a purified preparation of the peptidase. The specificity of this enzyme suggests that it is involved in the cleavage of methionine from newly synthesized peptide chains. This activity can specifically remove methionine from the N terminus of a completed protein. Treatment of purified, unprocessed (N-terminal methionine) interleukin 1 beta with the purified peptidase results in removal of N-terminal methionine with no additional alterations. N-terminal processing of at least this protein can occur after translation is complete. We propose to call this enzyme peptidase M (methionine-specific aminopeptidase).
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PMID:N-terminal methionine-specific peptidase in Salmonella typhimurium. 310 76

Human myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (hNmt) catalyzes the transfer of myristate from CoA to the amino-terminal Gly residue of a number of cellular proteins involved in signal transduction pathways, to structural and nonstructural proteins encoded by retroviruses, hepadnaviruses, picornaviruses, and reoviruses, as well as to several transforming tyrosine kinases. hNmt has been purified 230-fold from an erythroleukemia cell line. The monomeric enzyme has no associated methionyl aminopeptidase activity. To determine the enzyme's kinetic mechanism, we examined the effect of covariation of subsaturating concentrations of myristoyl-CoA and peptide substrate on initial velocity. Double-reciprocal plots excluded a double displacement (ping-pong) mechanism. Product inhibition studies indicated that CoA was a noncompetitive inhibitor against myristoyl-CoA and a mixed-type inhibitor against peptide substrates. Together these results are consistent with a sequential ordered mechanism where, in a typical catalytic cycle, myristoyl-CoA binds to apoenzyme before peptide followed by release of the CoA and then myristoylpeptide products. This kinetic mechanism is identical to that described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae N-myristoyl-transferase (Nmt1p) and emphasizes the impact that regulation of myristoyl-CoA pool size and accessibility may have in modulating protein N-myristoylation in these two species. Comparative studies of the peptide substrate specificities of hNmt and Nmt1p using a panel of 12 octapeptides revealed distinct differences in their tolerance for amino acid substitutions at positions 3, 4, 7, and 8 of parental peptides derived from the amino-terminal sequences of known N-myristoyl-proteins. This finding contrasts with our recent observation that the acyl-CoA substrate specificities of hNmt and Nmt1p are highly conserved and suggests that these differences in peptide recognition provide an opportunity to develop species-specific enzyme inhibitors.
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PMID:A comparative analysis of the kinetic mechanism and peptide substrate specificity of human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. 848 23

We have further characterized the functionality of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SLT2(MPK1), coding for a MAP-kinase homolog essential for cell integrity, which is involved in the Pkc1p signalling pathway. This gene was isolated on the basis of its capacity to complement the thermosensitive-autolytic, osmotic-remediable phenotype of lyt2 mutants. Both slt2delta and lyt2 mutants displayed a caffeine-sensitive phenotype consisting of cell lysis that was not dependent on temperature. Caffeine concentrations affecting the growth of these mutant strains were dependent on the genetic background, the SSD1 allele being very significant in this regard. The SLT2 allele of several lyt2 strains was both rescued and amplified by PCR. The recovered allele was shown to be non-functional as it could not complement the lytic phenotype of both deletion (slt2delta) and lyt2 strains. After nucleotide sequencing of the recovered allele, we found that the defect of lyt2 mutants consists in a substitution of an aspartic acid for a glycine at position 35 of the amino-acid sequence of Slt2p. Gly35 is the third glycine of a glycine cluster (Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly), a conserved region in protein kinases and other nucleotide-binding proteins. Keywords Yeast middle dot SLT2 middle dot MAP-kinase middle dot Caffeine
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PMID:Molecular and functional characterization of a mutant allele of the mitogen-activated protein-kinase gene SLT2(MPK1) rescued from yeast autolytic mutants. 866 90

An apparent conservative mutation, Leu to Val, at the second residue of the rat liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) presequence resulted in a precursor protein that was not imported into mitochondria. Additional mutants were made to substitute various amino acids with nonpolar side chains for Leu2. The Ile, Phe, and Trp mutants were imported to an extent similar to that of the native precursor, but the Ala mutant was imported only about one-fourth as well. It was shown that the N-terminal methionine was removed from the L2V mutant in a reaction catalyzed by methionine aminopeptidase. The N-terminal methionine of native pALDH and the other mutant presequences was blocked, presumably by acetylation. Because of the difference in co-translational modification, the L2V mutant sustained a significant loss in the available hydrophobic surface of the presequence. Import competence was restored to the L2V mutant when it was translated using a system that did not remove Met1. The removal of an Arg-Gly-Pro helix linker segment (residues 11-14) from the L2V mutant, which shifted three leucine residues toward the N-terminus, also restored import competence. These results lead to the conclusion that a minimum amount of hydrophobic surface area near the N-termini of mitochondrial presequences is an essential property to determine their ability to be imported. As a result, both electrostatic and hydrophobic components must be considered when trying to understand the interactions between precursor proteins and proteins of the mitochondrial import apparatus.
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PMID:The loss in hydrophobic surface area resulting from a Leu to Val mutation at the N-terminus of the aldehyde dehydrogenase presequence prevents import of the protein into mitochondria. 1021 35

The identity of the physiologically relevant metal ions for the methionyl aminopeptidase (MetAP) from Escherichia coli was investigated and is suggested to be Fe(II). The metal content of whole cells in the absence and presence of expression of the type I MetAP from E. coli was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission analysis. The observed change in whole cell concentrations of cobalt, cadmium, copper, nickel, strontium, titanium, and vanadium upon expression of MetAP was negligible. On the other hand, significant increases in the cellular metal ion concentrations of chromium, zinc, manganese, and iron were observed with the increase in iron concentration being 4.4 and 6.2 times greater than that of manganese and zinc, respectively. Activity assays of freshly lysed BL21(DE3) cells containing the pMetAAP plasmid revealed detectable levels (>2 units/mg) of MetAP activity. Control experiments with BL21(DE3) without the MetAP plasmid showed no detectable enzymatic activity. Since MetAP is active upon expression, these data strongly suggest that cobalt is not the in vivo metal ion for the MetAP from E. coli. The MetAP from E. coli as purified was found to be catalytically inactive (</=2 units/mg). ICP emission analysis of the as-purified enzyme revealed no catalytically relevant metal ions. Both the Co(II)- and Fe(II)-MetAP enzymes are susceptible to autoxidation, so strict care must be taken to remove all dissolved oxygen. Enzymatic assays performed under anaerobic conditions indicated that of the di- and trivalent metal cations tested to date, only Co(II) (37.3 units/mg), Fe(II) (29.7 units/mg), Mn(II) (7.0 units/mg), and Zn(II) (3.3 units/mg) provided detectable levels of enzymatic activity. In each case, excess metal ions were found to be inhibitory. The observed specific activity of Co(II)-MetAP is more than 3 times greater than that previously reported for the MetAP from E. coli [Ben-Bassat, A., et al. (1987) J. Bacteriol. 169, 751-757]. This increase in activity is likely due to the strict exclusion of air from reaction samples. Oxidation of either the Fe(II) or Co(II) form of the enzyme resulted in the complete loss of catalytic activity. The substrate binding constants (K(m)) for Met-Gly-Met-Met binding to the Co(II)- or Fe(II)-substituted MetAP enzymes, under anaerobic conditions, were found to be 3.16 and 1.95 mM, respectively. The combination of these data suggests that the in vivo metal ions for the MetAP enzyme from E. coli are likely Fe(II) ions.
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PMID:The methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli can function as an iron(II) enzyme. 1046 Jan 63

The membrane-bound form of mammalian aminopeptidase P (AP-P; EC 3.4. 11.9) is a mono-zinc-containing enzyme that lacks any of the typical metal binding motifs found in other zinc metalloproteases. To identify residues involved in metal binding and catalysis, sequence and structural information was used to align the sequence of porcine membrane-bound AP-P with other members of the peptidase clan MG, including Escherichia coli AP-P and methionyl aminopeptidases. Residues predicted to be critical for activity were mutated and the resultant proteins were expressed in COS-1 cells. Immunoelectrophoretic blot analysis was used to compare the levels of expression of the mutant proteins, and their ability to hydrolyze bradykinin and Gly-Pro-hydroxyPro was assessed. Asp449, Asp460, His523, Glu554, and Glu568 are predicted to serve as metal ion ligands in the active site, and mutagenesis of these residues resulted in fully glycosylated proteins that were catalytically inactive. Mutation of His429 and His532 also resulted in catalytically inactive proteins, and these residues, by analogy with E. coli AP-P, are likely to play a role in shuttling protons during catalysis. These studies indicate that mammalian membrane-bound AP-P has an active-site configuration similar to that of other members of the peptidase clan MG, which is compatible with either a dual metal ion model or a single metal ion in the active site. The latter model is consistent, however, with the known metal stoichiometry of both the membrane-bound and cytosolic forms of AP-P and with a recently proposed model for methionyl aminopeptidase.
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PMID:Identification of critical residues in the active site of porcine membrane-bound aminopeptidase P. 1110 91

Novel conformation-specific antibodies were raised against a cyclic chimeric dodecapeptidyl multiple antigen peptide (cCD-MAP) constructed with a spacer-armed Gly-Asp dipeptide and two pentapeptides (S(169)-Q(170)-K(171)-E(172)-G(173) of CCR5 and E(179)-A(180)-D(181)-D(182)-R(183) of CXCR4) which are components of the undecapeptidyl arch (UPA: from R(168) to C(178) in CCR5, from N(176) to C(186) in CXCR4) of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) in chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). Of the antibodies raised, one monoclonal antibody, CPMAb-I (IgMkappa), reacted with cCD-MAP, but not with the linear chimeric dodecapeptide-MAP. The antibody reacted with the cells separately expressing CCR5 or CXCR4, but not with those not expressing the coreceptors. Moreover, the antibody markedly suppressed infection by X4, R5, or R5X4 virus in a dose-dependent manner in a new phenotypic assay for drug susceptibility of HIV-1 using CCR5-expressing Hela/CD4(+) cell clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). Moreover, CPMAb-I interfered with LAV-1(BRU) infection (m.o.i. = 0.01) of Molt4#8 cells cocultured with CPMAb-I-producing hybridoma in the transwell, and significantly interfered with neither chemotaxis nor calcium influx induced with stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1alpha). Thus, the antibody raised against the cCD-MAP provides powerful protection or defense against HIV-1 infection. We therefore propose the cCD-MAP or its derivative immunogen as a novel candidate for an HIV-1 coreceptor-based self-defense vaccine.
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PMID:Evidence as a HIV-1 self-defense vaccine of cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide warped from undecapeptidyl arch of extracellular loop 2 in both CCR5 and CXCR4. 1147


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