Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.11.18 (MAP)
 7,412 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

p21c-ras plays a critical role in mediating tyrosine kinase-stimulated cell growth and differentiation. However, the pathways through which p21c-ras propagates these signals remain unknown. We report that in PC12 cells, expression of a dominant inhibitory mutant of ras, c-Ha-ras(Asn-17), antagonizes growth factor- and phorbol ester-induced activation of the erk-encoded family of MAP kinases, the 85-92 kd RSKs, and the kinase(s) responsible for hyperphosphorylation of the proto-oncogene product Raf-1. In addition, we find that expression of the activated ras oncogene is sufficient to stimulate these events. These data indicate that ras mediates nerve growth factor receptor and protein kinase C modulation of MAP kinases, RSKs, and Raf-1.
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PMID:ras mediates nerve growth factor receptor modulation of three signal-transducing protein kinases: MAP kinase, Raf-1, and RSK. 131 93

Stimulation of hemopoietic cells with IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and Steel factor-(SLF) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of protein substrates. Two of these proteins, designated p42 and p44, were tyrosine phosphorylated rapidly in response to treatment with IL-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and SLF, but not IL-4. We demonstrate that these common substrates are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) family of protein serine/threonine kinases. Ion-exchange chromatography yielded a peak of MAP kinase activity eluting at 0.3 to 0.32 M NaCl. Immunoblotting of column fractions with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies showed coelution of the peak of MAP kinase enzyme activity with the p42 and p44 tyrosine phosphorylated species, and with two proteins of 42 and 44 kDa which were immunoreactive with anti-MAP kinase antibodies. Moreover, a characteristic shift in mobility of the p42 and p44 species was observed after factor treatment. Time-course analyses and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated SLF activation of MAP kinase activity was maximal after 2 min of factor treatment and decreased to basal levels after 30 min stimulation. By contrast, activation of MAP kinase after IL-5 treatment was not as rapid. Maximal activity was observed 15 min after stimulation and remained elevated for up to 60 min after IL-5 addition. Investigation of the role of protein kinase C in the mechanism of activation by these growth factors demonstrated that specific inhibition of protein kinase C led to a reduction, but not ablation, of the SLF and IL-3 induced stimulation of MAP kinase activity. The use of synthetic peptide substrates confirmed SLF and IL-5 activate isoforms of MAP kinases. These results demonstrate that members of the MAP kinase family are involved in common signal transduction events elicited by IL-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and Steel factor, but not those involving IL-4.
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PMID:Multiple hemopoietic growth factors stimulate activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase family members. 138 May 36

Engagement of membrane IgM on a number of human and murine B-cell lines induced activation of a Mn(2+)-preferring serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in vitro. B-cell MAP-2 kinase (MAP-2K) activity could be fractionated into two peaks by sequential DEAE and hydrophobic chromatography. Although peak I included two tyrosine phosphoproteins of molecular mass 36 and 38 kDa, peak II showed a single 42-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein (pp42). Since all kinase activity could be removed from peak II material over an antiphosphotyrosine immune affinity column, it suggests that pp42 is identical with lymphoid MAP-2K. Although peak I activity showed a similarity to peak II with regard to its preference for Mn2+, sensitivity to phosphatase exposure, and resistance to a range of common serine kinase inhibitors, it is not clear whether these activities are related. MAP-2 kinase activity could also be induced by treatment with the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate 13-acetate, suggesting that protein kinase C may also be involved with MAP-2K regulation. Although MAP-2K activity reached a peak response within minutes of receptor ligation, there were differences in the rates of dephosphorylation of pp42 and decline of MAP-2K activity in different B-cell lines. The tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate, transformed a rapidly reversible MAP-2K response in BAL 17.2 cells into a sustained state of activation that resembled the kinetics of activation in WEHI-231 cells. The latter finding implies involvement of a tyrosine phosphatase, which opposes the effect of an inducing tyrosine kinase.
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PMID:Stimulation of B-cells via the membrane immunoglobulin receptor or with phorbol myristate 13-acetate induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of a 42-kDa microtubule-associated protein-2 kinase. 165 69

Treatment of BC3H1 myocytes or 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with fluoroaluminate (AlF4-), a direct activator of G proteins, increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 42-kDa cytosolic protein. AlF4- induced a parallel increase in protein kinase activity toward myelin basic protein (MBP) in partially purified cell extracts. To test whether AlF4- was activating the 42-kDa MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase, extracts from AlF4--treated cells were taken through the chromatographic steps routinely used to purify MAP kinase from growth factor-stimulated cells. Following phenyl-Superose chromatography, a peak of MBP kinase activity eluted at a position characteristic of MAP kinase. Immunoblotting of the active fractions with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies revealed a single reactive protein band of Mr 42,000. Stimulation of MAP kinase by AlF4- was rapid, peaking within 15 min and persisting for at least 1 h. In contrast, the activation of MAP kinase by insulin was transient, characteristic of its activation by growth factors in other cell types. Although concentrations of sodium fluoride greater than 1 mM also activated MAP kinase, this effect was shown to be dependent upon the simultaneous presence of aluminum ions in the medium. Activation of MAP kinase by AlF4- was not affected by either cellular depletion of protein kinase C or pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin. Potential sites of action of AlF4- are discussed. These findings suggest that activation of a G protein(s) in intact cells can initiate events that result in tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of MAP kinase.
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PMID:Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in BC3H1 myocytes by fluoroaluminate. 170 25

Ligation of the CD3 receptor induces multiple signal transduction events that modify the activation state of the T cell. We have compared two lines that express biologically active CD3 receptors but differ in their biochemical activation pathways during ligation of this receptor. Jurkat cells respond to anti-CD3 with Ca2+ mobilization, PKC activation, induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and activation of newly characterized lymphoid microtubule associated protein-2 kinase (MAP-2K). MAP-2K itself is a 43-kDa phosphoprotein that requires tyrosine phosphorylation for activation. Although ligation of the CD3 receptor in HPB-ALL could stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of a 59- kDa substrate, there was no associated induction of [Ca2+]i flux, PKC, or MAP-2K activation. A specific PKC agonist, PMA, which bypasses the CD3 receptor, could, however, activate MAP-2K in HPB-ALL cells. This implies that defective stimulation of PKC by the CD3 receptor is responsible for its failure to activate MAP-2K in HPB-ALL. The defect in PKC activation is likely distal to the CD3 receptor as A1F14- failed to activate MAP-2K in HPB-ALL but was effective in Jurkat cells. The stimulatory effect of PMA on MAP-2K activity in HPB-ALL was accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of this kinase which implies that PKC may, in some way, regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP-2K. A candidate for this role is pp56lck which underwent posttranslational modification (seen as mobility change on SDS-PAGE) during anti-CD3 and PMA stimulation in Jurkat or PMA treatment in HPB-ALL. There was, in fact, exact coincidence between induction of PKC activity, posttranslational modification of lck and tyrosine phosphorylation/activation of MAP-2K. Lck kinase activity in an immune complex kinase assay was unchanged during PMA treatment. An alternative explanation is that modification of lck may alter its substrate profile. We therefore looked at the previously documented ability of PKC to dissociate lck from the CD4 receptor and found that PMA could reduce the stoichiometry of the lck interaction with CD4 in HPB-ALL and to a lesser extent in Jurkat cells. These results imply the existence of a kinase cascade that is initiated by PKC and, in the course of which, lck and MAP-2K may interact.
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PMID:Protein kinase C plays a role in the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of lymphoid microtubule-associated protein-2 kinase. Evidence for a CD3-associated cascade that includes pp56lck and that is defective in HPB-ALL. 171 87

We have examined the phosphorylation of bovine microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), formerly named MAP-U, by protein kinase C (PKC). When MAP4 was incubated with PKC, about 1 mol of phosphate was incorporated/mol of MAP4. Phosphorylation of MAP4 caused a remarkable decrease in the ability of the MAP to stimulate microtubule assembly. MAP4 consists of an amino-terminal projection domain and a carboxyl-terminal microtubule-binding domain. The carboxyl-terminal domain is subdivided into a Pro-rich region and an assembly-promoting (AP) sequence region containing four tandem repeats of AP sequence that is conserved in MAP4, MAP2, and tau [Aizawa et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 13849-13855]. In order to identify the site of MAP4 phosphorylated by PKC, a series of expressed MAP4 fragments was prepared and treated with the kinase. A fragment corresponding to the Pro-rich region (P fragment) was phosphorylated, while fragments corresponding to the projection domain and the AP sequence region were not. In addition, chymotryptic digestion of an authentic MAP4 prephosphorylated by PKC revealed that phosphate was incorporated almost exclusively into a 27-kDa fragment containing the carboxyl-terminal half of the Pro-rich region. We investigated the phosphorylation site in MAP4 using the P fragment and found that Ser815 was phosphorylated almost exclusively. We conclude that the phosphorylation of a single Ser residue in the Pro-rich region negatively regulates the assembly-promoting activity of MAP4.
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PMID:Site-specific phosphorylation by protein kinase C inhibits assembly-promoting activity of microtubule-associated protein 4. 189 37

Signaling via the alpha-beta T cell Ag receptor (Ti)-CD3 complex is a complicated event that implicates several protein kinases, most notably protein kinase C (PKC). We have recently identified a serine kinase in T lymphocytes with the following characteristics: molecular mass 43 kDa, in vitro substrate affinity for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2) with a preference for Mn2+ during the catalytic reaction, and elution from DEAE resin over a salt range 100 to 200 mM NaCl. This kinase is activated in a rapidly reversible fashion during ligation of CD3/Ti by a process which involves prior phosphorylation; in vitro exposure of activated 43-kDa MAP-2 kinase (MAP-K) to an immobilized phosphatase abrogated its kinase activity. We now show that a MAP-2K response could also be obtained during treatment with mAb to Ti and the specific PKC agonist, PMA. Although the kinetics of the former response was rapidly reversible, PMA elicited a more prolonged response. The dose responsiveness for PMA was similar to the requirements for PKC activation in intact lymphocytes. Moreover, as with PKC, we found that the CD3-induced MAP-2K response could be further enhanced by using a second layer cross-linking antibody. The specificity of CD3/Ti in the Jurkat cell response is demonstrated by the fact that OKT-11(CD2) and anti-CD4 mAb did not stimulate a MAP-2K response. It was also not possible to elicit a response in a Jurkat cell mutant that lacks surface expression of CD3 and Ti. The specificity of PKC in these events was further explored with the cell permeant diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and the nonagonist phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate: whereas the former was an effective inducer of the MAP-2K response, the latter failed to yield any stimulation. Prior exposure of Jurkat cells to 100 mM PMA for 24 h eliminated greater than 60% of the MAP-2K response during anti-CD3 treatment. This response could also be inhibited in dose-dependent fashion by prior treatment of Jurkat cells with the potent PKC inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) 2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride. Although a Ca2(+)-ionophore failed to synergize with PMA at inducing a MAP-2K response, depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA abrogated anti-CD3 responsiveness. The events culminating in MAP-2K activation were slightly inhibited in the presence of cholera toxin but not pertussis toxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Stimulation of MAP-2 kinase activity in T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 or anti-Ti monoclonal antibody is partially dependent on protein kinase C. 215 31

The CD4R has been shown to exert variable effects on T cell activation responses. Depending on the manner of ligation, the CD4R has been demonstrated to have positive as well as negative effects on the generation of [Ca2+]i flux by the CD3R. Coaggregation of CD3 with CD4 enhanced Ca2+ flux while their independent ligation and aggregation diminished this response. To further elucidate these paradoxical CD4 effects, we studied induction of a microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase (MAP-2K) activity during ligation of the CD3R. Lymphoid MAP-2K activation by CD3 is an evanescent event that is dependent on phosphorylation of 43-kDa MAP-2K via a pathway that involves protein kinase C. Coaggregation of CD4 and CD3 with cross-linking antibodies and avidin enhanced the CD3-mediated MAP-2K response almost twofold. In contrast, independent ligation and cross-linking of CD4 reduced the CD3-induced MAP-2K response by approximately 50%. An important requirement for this inhibitory effect was that CD4 be ligated before stimulation with anti-CD3. The negative effect of anti-CD4 mAb was specific as other mAb failed to simulate this event. The PMA-induced MAP-2K response was not inhibited by anti-CD4. Intact 32P-labeled Jurkat and normal human T cells demonstrated the appearance of a single 43-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein during stimulation with PMA and anti-CD3. When these crude cellular extracts were extensively fractionated across DEAE- and hydrophobic columns, MAP-2K was resolved into two peaks of activity, each containing a single tyrosine phosphoprotein around 43 kDa. In addition to tyrosine-specific labeling, mitogenic stimulation of normal human T cells also induced threonine-specific labeling of MAP-2K. These results imply that activation of lymphoid MAP-2K is a dual process requiring at least two independent kinases for optimal activity. Inasmuch as CD3 activates protein kinase C and CD4 is associated with a tyrosine kinase, pp56lck, we suggest that their coaggregation may create the conditions whereby MAP-2K may be activated by dual phosphorylation. Independent aggregation of these receptors may lead to physical separation and breakdown of this interactive mechanism.
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PMID:CD-3-mediated activation of MAP-2 kinase can be modified by ligation of the CD4 receptor. Evidence for tyrosine phosphorylation during activation of this kinase. 216 97

Human monoblastoid leukemia U937 cells differentiate to monocyte/macrophage upon treatment with phorbol ester, 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that drug-induced differentiation of leukemia cells is associated with genetic and enzymatic activations of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). In this study, to further investigate a relationship between PTPase activation and leukemic differentiation, we established TPA-resistant U937 variant UT16 cells. Unlike known TPA-resistant cells whose resistance is mainly due to lack or down modulation of protein kinase C (PKC), UT16 cells showed TPA-induced activation of PKC, Raf-1, and ERK/MAP kinases similar to the parental U937 cells. Interestingly, however, UT16 cells exhibited altered binding activity of AP-1 complexes, decreased ability to induce c-jun and c-fos gene expressions, and failure to differentiate to a monocytic lineage. Based on these observations, UT16 cells could be considered a novel type of TPA-resistant cell. Among UT16 cells, most of TPA-inducible PTPase genes, PTP-1C, PTP-MEG2, P19-PTP, HPTP epsilon, and PTP-U1, did not respond to TPA. Consistently, TPA increased PTPase enzymatic activity in U937 but not in UT16 cells. Taken together, activation of PTPases is well correlated with TPA-induced differentiation of U937 cells. These findings indicate that gene expression and enzymatic activity of some PTPase isozymes described here are regulated by a TPA-mediated signaling event and are likely to be used as biomarkers for the monocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.
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PMID:Phorbol ester-resistant monoblastoid leukemia cells with a functional mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade but without responsive protein tyrosine phosphatases. 747 24

Excessive alcohol consumption alters neuronal growth and causes striking elongation of axons and dendrites in several brain regions. This could result from increased sensitivity to neurotrophic factors, since ethanol markedly enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated neurite outgrowth in the neural cell line PC12. The mechanism by which ethanol enhances growth factor responses was investigated by examining activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), a key event in growth factor signaling. Ethanol (100 mM) increased NGF- and bFGF-induced activation of MAP kinases. This increase, like ethanol-induced increases in neurite outgrowth, was prevented by down regulation of beta, delta, and epsilon protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Since chronic ethanol exposure specifically upregulates delta and epsilon PKC, these findings suggest that ethanol promotes neurite growth by enhancing growth factor signal transduction through a delta or epsilon PKC-regulated pathway.
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PMID:Ethanol enhances growth factor activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. 753 6


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