Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.11.18 (MAP)
 7,412 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We used chromosomal walking methods to isolate a 10.8-kb region from the major ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene cluster of Bacillus subtilis (Bs). The gene order in this region, given by gene product, was r-proteins L16-L29-S17-L14-L24-L5-S14-S8-L6-L18-S5-L30-L15-SecY-adenylate kinase (Adk)-methionine aminopeptidase (Map)-initiation factor 1 (IF1)-L36-S13-S11-alpha subunit of RNA polymerase-L17. The region cloned, therefore, contains the homologues for the last three genes of the Escherichia coli (Ec) S10 operon, together with entire spc and alpha operons. This Bs organization differs from the corresponding region in Ec by the inclusion of the genes encoding Adk, Map and IF1 between the genes encoding SecY and L36. Plasmid integration experiments indicated that all 22 genes comprise a single large transcriptional unit controlled from a major promoter which lies upstream from the gene encoding r-protein L16. Promoter probe experiments located lesser activities internal to this large transcriptional unit, the secY and map promoters. The secY promoter region (psecY) contained two activities, each principally functioning in the stationary growth phase when high protein export is required. Thus, the Bs S10-spc-alpha region differs from its Ec counterpart in both genetic and transcriptional organization. Given this difference in transcriptional organization, the mechanisms coordinating expression of the translational apparatus are also likely to differ between Ec and Bs.
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PMID:Genetic and transcriptional organization of the Bacillus subtilis spc-alpha region. 863 44

ERK and p38 MAP kinases, acting through the downstream mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2 (MSK1/2), elicit histone H3 phosphorylation on a subfraction of nucleosomes--including those at Fos and Jun--concomitant with gene induction. S10 and S28 on the H3 tail have both been shown to be phospho-acceptors in vivo. Both phospho-epitopes appear with similar time-courses and both occur on H3 tails that are highly sensitive to TSA-induced hyperacetylation, similarities which might suggest that MSK1/2 phosphorylates both sites on the same H3 tails. Indeed, on recombinant histone octamers in vitro, MSK1 efficiently phosphorylates both sites on the same H3 tail. However, sequential immunoprecipitation studies show that antibodies against phosphorylated S10-H3 recover virtually all this epitope without depletion of phosphorylated S28-H3, and vice versa, indicating that the two phospho-epitopes are not located on the same H3 tail in vivo. Confocal immunocytochemistry confirms the clear physical separation of the two phospho-epitopes in the intact mouse nucleus. Finally, we used transfection-based experiments to test models that might explain such differential targeting. Overexpression and delocalisation of MSK1 does not result in the breakdown of targeting in vivo despite the fact that the ectopic kinase is fully activated by external stimuli. These studies reveal a remarkable level of targeting of S10 and S28 phosphorylation to distinct H3 tails within chromatin in the interphase mouse nucleus. Possible models for such exquisite targeting are discussed.
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PMID:MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of distinct pools of histone H3 at S10 or S28 via mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2. 1587 Jan 5

Interaction of Streptococcus suis with primary porcine alveolar macrophages was studied using transcriptomics. Transcriptional response of macrophages to two different S. suis strains was studied: wild-type S10 that is resistant to phagocytosis, and its non-encapsulated mutant that is phagocytosed efficiently. The macrophages' transcriptional response was observed only after 60 min of incubation. Eleven genes were expressed significantly different between macrophages infected with streptococci and control mock-infected macrophages. These genes include IL-1-beta, MIP-2-alpha and TNF-alpha. When gene expression was studied as a function of time, transcriptional changes occurred in all macrophages independent of streptococci. The fold induction of induced genes however, was much stronger in macrophages incubated with the non-encapsulated S. suis strain that was phagocytosed. The genes that were higher induced due to S. suis suggest an innate immune response is induced in macrophages. Pathway analysis revealed that genes that are part of the putative MAP-kinase signal transduction system are over-represented among the regulated genes. Using an immortalized alveolar macrophage cell line it was shown that macrophages respond to interaction with S. suis by the translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus, independent of phagocytosis. This translocation subsequently induced expression of innate immune genes. This strongly suggests besides the MAP-kinase signaling pathway, NF-kappaB signaling is also induced upon interaction with S. suis.
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PMID:Involvement of NF-kappaB and MAP-kinases in the transcriptional response of alveolar macrophages to Streptococcus suis. 1970 18

Anatomical segmentectomies play an important role in oncological lung resection, particularly for ground-glass types of primary lung cancers. This operation can also be applied to metastatic lung tumors deep in the lung. Virtual assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) is a novel technique that allows for bronchoscopic multi-spot dye markings to provide "geometric information" to the lung surface, using three-dimensional virtual images. In addition to wedge resections, VAL-MAP has been found to be useful in thoracoscopic segmentectomies, particularly complex segmentectomies, such as combined subsegmentectomies or extended segmentectomies. There are five steps in VAL-MAP-assisted segmentectomies: (I) "standing" stitches along the resection lines; (II) cleaning hilar anatomy; (III) confirming hilar anatomy; (IV) going 1 cm deeper; (V) step-by-step stapling technique. Depending on the anatomy, segmentectomies can be classified into linear (lingular, S6, S2), V- or U-shaped (right S1, left S3, S2b + S3a), and three dimensional (S7, S8, S9, S10) segmentectomies. Particularly three dimensional segmentectomies are challenging in the complexity of stapling techniques. This review focuses on how VAL-MAP can be utilized in segmentectomy, and how this technique can assist the stapling process in even the most challenging ones.
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PMID:Techniques of stapler-based navigational thoracoscopic segmentectomy using virtual assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP). 2806 75