Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The polypeptide chain composition of protein material referred to in the literature as "inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor" was investigated. The material was found to consist of distinct proteins of 125,000 and 225,000 Da, each of which contained more than one polypeptide chain. The links that assemble each protein were found to be stable to various strong denaturants, but susceptible to treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or hyaluronidase, indicating a glycan nature. The 225,000-Da protein migrated with inter-alpha mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis and is designated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, whereas the 125,000-Da protein migrated with pre-alpha mobility, and we designate it pre-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Analysis of the proteins, the separated chains, and proteolytic derivatives thereof revealed that each protein contained a single, identical, trypsin-inhibitory chain of 30,000 Da. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor contains noninhibitory heavy chains of 65,000 and 70,000 Da, whereas pre-alpha-trypsin inhibitor contains a heavy chain of 90,000 Da. Our data allow identification of several recently reported cDNA clones and clarify the confusion surrounding the composition of plasma proteins referred to as inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and a novel trypsin inhibitor, pre-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, from human plasma. Polypeptide chain stoichiometry and assembly by glycan. 247 36

Degradation of extracellular matrix by hyaluronidase increases murine L929 cell sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytotoxicity. Seeding and culturing L929 cells onto the matrix of serum fetuin and the hyaluronate-binding inter-alpha-inhibitor resulted in inhibition of hyaluronidase-enhanced TNF killing, suggesting that the release of these proteins from hyaluronidase-degraded matrix confers cellular TNF susceptibility. Metabolic labeling studies showed that hyaluronidase mediated de novo protein synthesis and down regulated several proteins in L929 cells. Specifically, hyaluronidase upregulated p53 protein expression (>200%) but down regulated a p85 inter-alpha-inhibitor-like protein (>90%) in L929 cells, whereas it had no effect on the protein levels of ICH-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Fas ligand, CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptible protein), TIAR (an RNA-binding protein) and alpha-tubulin. Conceivably, hyaluronidase enhancement of TNF sensitivity in L929 cells is p53-dependent and the matrix inter-alpha-inhibitor contributes a protective role against TNF cytotoxicity.
 ...
PMID:p53 overexpression and downregulation of inter-alpha-inhibitor are associated with hyaluronidase enhancement of TNF cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts. 983 19

A study of the uncharacterized serum inhibitors of hyaluronidase, first described half a century ago, was undertaken. Activity was measured against bovine testicular hyaluronidase using a microtiter-based assay and reverse hyaluronan substrate gel zymography. The predominant inhibitory activity was magnesium-dependent and could be eliminated by protease or chondroitinase digestion and by heat treatment. Kinetics of inhibition were similar against hyaluronidases from testis and snake and bee venoms. The inhibitor had no effect on Streptomyces hyaluronidase, indicating that inhibition was not through protection of the hyaluronan substrate. Inhibition levels in serum were increased in mice following carbon tetrachloride or interleukin-1 injection, inducers of the acute-phase response. Reverse zymography identified a predominant band of 120-kDa relative molecular size, with two bands of greater and one of smaller size. The predominant protein was tentatively identified as a member of the inter-alpha-inhibitor family. Inhibition was also observed using either purified inter-alpha-inhibitor or an inter-alpha-inhibitor-related 120-kDa complex. Inter-alpha-inhibitor, found in the hyaluronan-rich cumulus mass surrounding mammalian ova and the coat of fibroblasts and mesothelial cells, may function to stabilize such matrices by protecting against hyaluronidase degradation. Turnover of circulating hyaluronan is extraordinarily rapid, with a half-life of 2-5 min. Prompt increases in levels of serum hyaluronan occur in patients with shock, septicemia, or massive burns, increases that can be attributed, in part, to suppression of degradation by these acute-phase reactants, the inhibitors of hyaluronidase.
 ...
PMID:Evidence that the serum inhibitor of hyaluronidase may be a member of the inter-alpha-inhibitor family. 1090 71

The inhibitors of hyaluronidase present in mammalian sera, first described half a century ago, have remained uncharacterized. Because of increased interest in hyaluronidases and their hyaluronan substrate, a study of these inhibitors was undertaken recently. The predominant serum inhibitor is magnesium-dependent and is eliminated by protease or chondroitinase digestion, and by heat. Kinetics of inhibition are similar against hyaluronidases from testis, snake and bee venom. The inhibitor has no effect on Streptomyces hyaluronidase; indicating inhibition is not through protection of the hyaluronan substrate. Circulating inhibition levels are increased in mice following carbon tetrachloride or interleukin-1 injection, inducers of the acute-phase response. Reverse hyaluronan gel zymography reveals a predominant band of 120 kDa relative molecular size. Additional studies indicate that the inhibitor resembles a member of the Kunitz type inter-alpha-inhibitor family. Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity is observed using purified inter-alpha-inhibitor and is reversed by antibodies specific for inter-alpha-inhibitor. This molecule, found in the hyaluronan-rich cumulus mass surrounding mammalian ova and the pericellular coat of fibroblasts and mesothelial cells, may function to stabilize such matrices by protecting against hyaluronidase degradation. Turnover of circulating hyaluronan is extraordinarily rapid, with a half-life of two to five min. Prompt increases in levels of serum hyaluronan occur in patients with shock, septicemia or massive burns, increases that may be partly attributed to suppression by these acute phase reactants of the constant and rapid rates of hyaluronan degradation by hyaluronidase. A literature survey of other hyaluronidase inhibitors is also presented.
 ...
PMID:Inhibitors of the hyaluronidases. 1182 90

During mammalian follicle development, a fluid-filled antrum develops in the avascular centre of the follicle. We investigated the hypothesis that follicular fluid contains osmotically-active molecules, sufficiently large so as to not freely escape the follicular fluid. Such molecules could generate an osmotic differential and thus recruit fluid from the surrounding vascularised stroma into the antrum. Follicular fluid was collected from bovine follicles classified histologically as healthy (n = 4 pools) or atretic (n = 4 pools). Dialysis of the follicular fluid at 300 kDa or 500 kDa resulted in a reduction in colloid osmotic pressure of 35% and 60%, respectively, in fluid from healthy follicles and 29% and 80% from atretic follicles. Digestion of follicular fluid with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC or DNase 1 followed by dialysis resulted in reductions in osmotic pressure of 43%, 53% and 43% respectively for fluids from healthy follicles and 34%, 20% and 31% for atretic follicles. Digestion with collagenase I, proteinase K, heparanase 1 or keratanase had no significant effect on the osmotic pressure of follicular fluid of healthy follicles. Ion exchange and size exclusion, Western blotting and ELISA identified the proteoglycans versican and inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor and the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in follicular fluid. We conclude that these molecules or aggregates of them are of sufficient size to contribute to the osmotic potential of follicular fluid and thus recruit fluid into the follicular antrum. DNA may also contribute but it is probably not a component that is regulated for this role.
 ...
PMID:Formation of ovarian follicular fluid may be due to the osmotic potential of large glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. 1681 38

Alteration in the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) has been demonstrated in numerous renal diseases. We have demonstrated that renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTCs) surround themselves in vitro with HA in an organized pericellular matrix or 'coat', which is associated with cell migration, and also form pericellular HA cable-like structures which modulate PTC-mononuclear leukocytes interactions. The aim of this study was to characterize potential regulatory mechanism in the assembly of PTC-HA into pericellular cables. HA cables are generated by PTCs in the absence of serum. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates the incorporation of components of the inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) family of proteins and versican into HA cables. Addition of an antibody to IalphaI/PalphaI (pre-alpha-inhibitor) inhibits cable formation. In contrast, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) has no effect on cable formation, suggesting that their generation is independent of the known heavy-chain transfer activity of TSG-6. Overexpression of HAS3 is associated with induction of HA cable formation, and also increased incorporation of HA into pericellular coats. Functionally, this resulted in enhanced HA-dependent monocyte binding and cell migration, respectively. Cell surface expression of CD44 and trypsin-released cell-associated HA were increased in HAS3-overexpressing cells. In addition, hyaluronidase (hyal1 and hyal2) and bikunin mRNA expression were increased, whereas PalphaI HC3 mRNA expression was unchanged in the transfected cells. The data demonstrate the importance of IalphaI/PalphaI in cable formation and suggest that expression of HAS3 may be critical for HA cable assembly.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of hyaluronan cable structure and function in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. 1690 89

Clinically, amniotic membrane (AM) suppresses inflammation, scarring, and angiogenesis. AM contains abundant hyaluronan (HA) but its function in exerting these therapeutic actions remains unclear. Herein, AM was extracted sequentially with buffers A, B, and C, or separately by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that high molecular weight (HMW) HA (an average of approximately 3000 kDa) was predominantly extracted in isotonic Extract A (70.1 +/- 6.0%) and PBS (37.7 +/- 3.2%). Western blot analysis of these extracts with hyaluronidase digestion or NaOH treatment revealed that HMW HA was covalently linked with the heavy chains (HCs) of inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) via a NaOH-sensitive bond, likely transferred by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated gene-6 protein (TSG-6). This HC.HA complex (nHC*HA) could be purified from Extract PBS by two rounds of CsCl/guanidine HCl ultracentrifugation as well as in vitro reconstituted (rcHC*HA) by mixing HMW HA, serum IalphaI, and recombinant TSG-6. Consistent with previous reports, Extract PBS suppressed transforming growth factor-beta1 promoter activation in corneal fibroblasts and induced mac ro phage apoptosis. However, these effects were abolished by hyaluronidase digestion or heat treatment. More importantly, the effects were retained in the nHC*HA or rcHC*HA. These data collectively suggest that the HC*HA complex is the active component in AM responsible in part for clinically observed anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring actions.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical characterization and function of complexes formed by hyaluronan and the heavy chains of inter-alpha-inhibitor (HC*HA) purified from extracts of human amniotic membrane. 1949 Nov 1