Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A convenient procedure has been developed for preparing a suspension of isolated rat anterior pituitary cells which retains responsiveness to secretagogues. Rat anterior pituitaries were dispersed with collagenase and hyaluronidase followed by mechanical dispersion by means of a Pasteur pipette. Immediately after dispersion, the cells showed only slight responses to secretagogues, whereas after short-term culture (20-22 h) in the presence of sera, the cells recovered their ability to respond to synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) and synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). During a 3-h incubation, cells prepared from pituitaries of male rats released LH and FSH, or TSH and prolactin (PRL) in amounts directly related to the dose of synthetic LHRH or TRH, respectively. The minimum effective concentrations of hypophysiotropic hormones lay between 10(-10) and 10(-9)M, although it was observed that cells originating from female rats usually gave quicker and larger responses to LHRH. No significant net increase in the total hormonal content (cells + medium) of radioimmunoassayable LH or FSH in response to LHRH, or of TSH or PRL in response to TRH, was observed during the 3-h incubation period. The cells released significant amounts of PRL, TSH, and to a lesser extent, LH, in response to 1-5 X 10-3M N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP, accompanied by remarkable elevation in total content (cells + medium) of PRL and TSH but not of LH. The response of the cells to theophylline or high [K+] was similar to that usually observed in previous hemipituitary experiments. These results demonstrate the viability of this in vitro cell system and its suitability for further study of the regulation of the secretion of pituitary hormones.
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PMID:Enzymatic dissociation and short-term culture of isolated rat anterior pituitary cells for studies on the control of hormone secretion. 17 97

Exposure to drinking water containing as much as 500 ppm aluminum chloride for periods of 30, 60, and 90 days had no apparent effect on male reproductive processes. In an attempt to correlate enzyme activity with particular spermatogenic cell types, postnatal development of testicular enzymes was studied. Eight enzymes were selected: hyaluronidase (H), lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-X (LDH-X), dehydrogenases of sorbitol (SDH), alpha-glycerophosphate (GPDH), glucose-6-phosphate (G6PDH), malate (MDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3PDH), and isocitrate (ICDH). Enzyme specific activities in testicular homogenates were determined. Two types of enzyme developmental patterns were observed. One was represented by H, LDH-X, SDH, and GPDH; and the other by G6PDH, MDH, G3PDH, and ICDH. The former was characterized by a change in enzyme activities from low in newborn to high in adult while in the latter this pattern was reversed. The two complementary enzyme systems crossed each other at puberty. Prior to puberty, only spermatogonial cells are present; sperm differentiation initiated at puberty adds spermatocytes and spermatids to the testicular cell population. Male rats were exposed to borax in their diet for periods of 30 and 60 days. Concentrations of boron were 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm. At the end of each experimental period, the specific activities of the selected enzymes were determined in the testis and prostate. Correlations of enzyme activity with testicular histology and androgen activities of the male accessory organs were sought. In addition, plasma FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were measured to assess pituitary-testicular interaction. Plasma and testicular boron concentrations were determined and a minimum boron concentration which induced germinal aplasia and male infertility was estimated. In both 30 and 60 day feeding studies, male rats receiving 500 ppm failed to demonstrate any significant adverse effects. In contrast, male rats receiving 100 and 2000 ppm boron displayed a significant loss of germinal elements, although most of the Leydig and Sertoli cells appeared normal. Testicular atrophy was associated with a decrease in seminiferous tubular diameter and a marked reduction of spermatocytes and spermatogenic cells. These morphologic alterations were associated with a concomitant reduction of H, SDH, and LDH-X specific activities. In contrast, the specific activities of G3PDH and MDH were significantly elevated above control. The increase in these enzyme activities can be attributed to the relative enrichment of spermatogonial cells during the loss of spermatocytes and spermiogenic cells. Boron-induced male germinal aplasia was also associated with significantly elevated plasma FSH while plasma LH and testosterone levels were not significantly altered. Plasma testosterone levels were unaltered. Male fertility studies demonstrated that at the 500 ppm boron level, fertility was unaffected. However, at 1000 and 2000 ppm boron, male fertility was significantly reduced. Most effects were reversible within 5 weeks. However, the male group receiving 2000 ppm boron for 60 days remained sterile. There was no dose-related decrease in litter size or fetal death in utero. Therefore, the boron-induced infertility was apparently not due to a dominant lethal effect but rather to germinal aplasia. Boron appears toxic to spermatogenic cells at testicular concentrations of 6-8 ppm.
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PMID:Assessment of environmental factors affecting male fertility. 44 58

Graafian follicles were extirpated before the endogenous LH surge on the day prior to ovulation from PMS-injected immature rats. They were incubated in chemically defined medium in presence or absence of gonadotrophins for 4-10 h. After incubation the oocyte-cumulus complexes were recovered from the follicles and one group inspected by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy and one group was placed in saline containing hyaluronidase. In hormone-free medium both the oocyte and the cumulus cells remained morphologically unchanged: a dictyate oocyte surrounded by a compact mass of cumulus cells. Hyaluronidase did not detach cells from the cumulus structure. However, in presence of LH or FSH morphological changes developed in both cell types: the oocyte resumed meiosis as revealed by germinal vesicle breakdown and polar body formation; the cumulus structure became dispersed and embedded in a viscous matrix. The individual cumulus cells displayed pseudopodia-like processes of the cell surface. Treatment with hyaluronidase resulted in detachment of cells from the cumulus. The effects of LH described on the oocyte and cumulus cells were unimpaired in presence of cyanoketone or aminoglutethimide although these agents blocked the follicular relase of progesterone, estradiol and androstenedione as revealed by RIA. The results indicate that a close functional relationship exists between the two cell types of the cumulus oophorus, the oocyte and the cumulus granulosa cells. Both cell types are affected directly or indirectly by gonadotrophins and characteristical morphological changes develop synchronously in both cell types.
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PMID:Effects of gonadotrophins on the cumulus oophorus of isolated rat Graafian follicles. 127 28

A group of ten healthy fertile adult male bonnet monkeys were actively immunized using procedures acceptable for human use with pure follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) isolated from sheep pituitaries. The vaccine elicited an immunogenic response in all ten monkeys; the antibody-binding capacity, determined by Scatchard analysis, varied from 3 to 18 micrograms oFSH ml-1, the binding affinity ranging from 0.13 to 2.0 x 10(10) mol-1. A substantial population of antibodies against oFSH crossreacted with 125I-labelled human (h) FSH, used here as a representative ligand of primate FSH. The bioneutralization activity of the antisera assessed by a specific bioassay in vitro, when the antibody titre was high, was 6.9 +/- 0.18 micrograms hFSH ml-1. Immunization for 4.7-5.7 years did not affect the health and libido of the animals. Concentration of testosterone in serum remained normal throughout the study, but, within 150 days of immunization, there was a marked decrease (75-100%) in the number of spermatozoa in seminal ejaculates. Oligospermic status interspersed with azoospermia was maintained by periodic boosting. The fertility of these animals was monitored between 6 months and 2 years after primary immunization. All the ten animals proved infertile in repeated mating experiments with females of proven fertility. After stopping booster injections, nine of ten animals regained fertility, but the time taken for this depended upon the rate of decline of antibody titres. Re-boosting these monkeys with 100 micrograms oFSH after confirming that recovery had occurred revealed prompt increases in antibody titres followed once again by onset of oligo-azoospermia and infertility, underscoring the specificity of immunization effect. The immunized monkeys, apart from being acutely oligospermic, ejaculated spermatozoa that were markedly deficient in key acrosomal enzymes, such as acrosin and hyaluronidase, and motility as well as in their ability to penetrate a gel in vitro, suggesting that the infertility observed was due to gross reductions in the numbers of spermatozoa that could effectively interact with the oocyte and cause successful fertilization.
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PMID:Long-term contraceptive efficacy of vaccine of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone in male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). 143 77

The serum concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, and estradiol and the enzymatic activities of hyaluronidase, glucosidases (alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and beta-galactosidase), lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes (LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH-X, LDH4), and total proteins were measured in the semen of 69 subjects (8 normozoospermic controls, 7 secretory, and 54 excretory azoospermic subjects). FSH levels rose with the deterioration in spermatogenesis and served to differentiate the secretory from the excretory azoospermias. The only source of hyaluronidase and LDH-X in the ejaculate is the spermatozoa. alpha-Glucosidase activity essentially originates in the epididymis. The seminal determination of alpha-glucosidase and, to a lesser extent, alpha-mannosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase helps rapidly, sensitivity, reliably, and noninvasively to differentiate secretory azoospermias (with higher enzymatic activity) from the excretory type (less enzymatic activity) and may be of use in identifying with a certain degree of reliability the site of obstruction in the male genital tract.
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PMID:Enzyme and hormonal markers in the differential diagnosis of human azoospermia. 153 Mar 67

Oocyte-cumulus cell complexes (OCC) and complexes with an attached piece of membrana granulosa (C + P), isolated from prepubertal or cyclic gilts stimulated with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin, were cultured in media supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 0.01-1.0 micrograms/ml) or forskolin (50-100 mumol/l) for 24 and 32 h. FSH and forskolin each induced dose-dependent cumulus and membrana granulosa expansion. After 2 h of culture, FSH (0.1 microgram/ml) or forskolin (100 mumol/l) increased the contents of intracellular adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) in OCC from prepubertal gilts to almost 10 times that in unstimulated complexes. After 24 h of culture in media supplemented with FSH (0.1 microgram/ml) or forskolin (100 mumol/l), the oocytectomized OCC and C + P showed similar expansion to that of the control groups. The intracellular cAMP contents in intact and oocytectomized OCCs were similar in all groups except those treated with FSH, in which the intact OCCs had significantly higher contents than their oocytectomized counterparts (P less than 0.01). After hyaluronidase treatment, cumulus and membrana granulosa cells of intact and oocytectomized OCC and C + P were suspended, except for those of the innermost layers of the corona radiata. The results suggest that increases in cAMP contents and synthesis of an extracellular, hyaluronidase-sensitive mucus by pig OCC and C + P induced by FSH or forskolin are not dependent on the oocyte.
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PMID:Lack of effect of oocytectomy on expansion of the porcine cumulus. 166 56

While the need for FSH in initiating spermatogenesis in the immature rat is well accepted, its requirement for maintenance of spermatogenesis in adulthood is questioned. In the current study, using gonadotropin antisera to neutralize specifically either endogenous FSH or LH, we have investigated the effect of either FSH or LH deprivation for a 10-day period on (i) testicular macromolecular synthesis in vitro, (ii) the activities of testicular germ cell specific LDH-X and hyaluronidase enzymes, and finally (iii) on the concentration of sulphated glycoprotein (SGP-2), one of the Sertoli cell marker proteins. Both immature (35-day-old) and adult (100-day-old) rats have been used in this study. Since LH deprivation leads to a near total blockade of testosterone production, the ability of exogenous testosterone supplementation to override the effects of LH deficiency has also been evaluated. Deprivation of either of the gonadotropins significantly affected in vitro RNA and protein synthesis by both testicular minces as well as single cell preparations. Fractionation of dispersed testicular cells preincubated with labelled precursors of RNA and protein on Percoll density gradient revealed that FSH deprivation affected specifically the rate of RNA and protein synthesis of germ cell and not Leydig cell fraction. LH but not FSH deprivation inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The inhibitory effect of LH could mostly be overriden by testosterone supplementation. LDH-X and hyaluronidase activities of testicular homogenates of adult rats showed significant reduction (50%; P less than .05) following either FSH or LH deprivation. Again testosterone supplementation was able to reverse the LH inhibitory effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of specific FSH or LH deprivation on testicular function of the adult rat. 181 91

The effects of FSH and testosterone on inhibin mRNA expression and inhibin production by highly purified Sertoli cell preparations were examined. Sertoli cells were isolated from testes of 22-day-old rats by sequential trypsin, collagenase and hyaluronidase treatments, with subsequent osmotic shock treatment on day 3 of culture. Contamination by peritubular and germ cells was less than 0.5 and 1-3% respectively. Intracellular and secreted inhibin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, using Sertoli cells which were incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of FSH and testosterone from days 4 to 5 of culture. FSH stimulated the cellular inhibin content and the secreted inhibin level by four- and sevenfold respectively, with a half-maximal effective dose of 5-50 ng/ml. Under the present incubation conditions, testosterone (1 mumol/l) had no effect on immunoreactive inhibin levels in either the presence or absence of FSH. Similarly, the expression of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA was increased following FSH stimulation, whereas testosterone had no effect. The expression of inhibin beta B-subunit mRNAs was not influenced by FSH or testosterone. It is concluded that highly purified Sertoli cell preparations, with a very low number of peritubular or germ cells, are fully responsive to FSH with respect to inhibin mRNA expression and inhibin production.
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PMID:Effects of FSH and testosterone on highly purified rat Sertoli cells: inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA expression and inhibin secretion are enhanced by FSH but not by testosterone. 250 18

A new model for the investigation of atresia in rhesus monkeys is presented. This model is based upon the reliable induction of an atresia-like process in the dominant preovulatory follicle (DF) by estradiol-17 beta administered subcutaneously via Silastic capsules for 24 h. Data obtained from follicular contents aspirated from treated animals demonstrated alterations in the putative markers of atresia similar to those described in other models of atresia. Although follicle size and appearance and volume of follicular fluid (FF) were unaltered in treated animals, FF was much more viscous than that aspirated from follicles in untreated animals; this was apparently due to a greater quantity of intercellular matrix that was sensitive to digestion by hyaluronidase. In treated animals, FF concentrations of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) were depressed 3- and 6.6-fold, respectively. Viability of granulosa cells (GC) from these animals was reduced by 40%, as was their ability to release basal amounts of E and P in vitro. Accumulation of P by GC from treated animals approximated unstimulated control levels when human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) was included in the culture. Therefore, FSH may have a limited capability to "rescue" GC from atresia induced by estradiol. The percentage of cells that bound 125I-hFSH maximally, as measured by autoradiography following 72 h in culture, was not altered by treatment. Oocytes from animals treated with estradiol showed signs of degeneration at aspiration, and deteriorated further in culture. This model is unique in that atresia can be induced in the single DF of a primate species, and thus avoids the disadvantages inherent to studying atresia of heterogeneous follicles in polytocous species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Markers of atresia in ovarian follicular components from rhesus monkeys treated with estradiol-17 beta. 308 77

Effects of DL-111, [3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole] a non-hormonal antifertility agent, on testicular hyaluronidase activity, an accurate biochemical marker for testicular function, were evaluated in male rats. Treatment of 21-day-old rats with DL-111 sc for 7 or 15 days resulted in a significant fall in testicular weight and complete suppression of hyaluronidase activity. During the 30-day post-treatment the enzyme activity was restored to normal levels. Treatment of 40-day-old rats for 7 or 15 days also produced a significant decrease in testicular weight and hyaluronidase activity. Simultaneous administration of LH, PMSG or T with DL-111 to 21-day-old rats blocked the inhibitory activity of the drug as the enzyme activity was restored to untreated control levels. Administration of FSH along with DL-111 had no effect on suppressive action of the drug. These results suggest that in male rats DL-111 inhibits testicular activity by reducing LH levels, thereby reducing T levels as observed by reduced weights of testes and accessory glands of reproduction and hyaluronidase activity.
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PMID:A new non-hormonal antifertility drug DL 111-IT: II. Effects on testicular hyaluronidase activity in male rats. 308 93


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