Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rabbit testis arylsulphatase A was purified 140-fold with a recovery of 20% from detergent extracts of an acetone-dried powder by using DE-52 cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme showed one major band with one minor contaminant on electrophoresis in a 7.5% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel at pH8.3. On sodiumdodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis, a single major band was observed with minor contaminants. The final preparation of enzyme was free from general proteolytic, esterase, hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase activities. Rabbit testicular arylsulphatase A exists as a dimer of mol.wt. 110000 at pH7.1. At pH5.0 the enzyme is a tetramer of mol.wt. 220000. Arylsulphatase A appears to consist of two identical subunits of mol.wt. 55000 each. The highly purified enzyme has pI4.6. The enzyme hydrolyses p-nitrocatechol sulphate with Km and Vmax, of 4.1 mM and 80nmol/min respectively, but has no activity toward p-nitrophenyl sulphate. The pH optimum of the enzyme varies with the incubation time. By applying Sephacex G-200 chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing, one form of enzyme was obtained. The enzyme has properites common to arylsulphatase A of other sources with respect to the anomalous time-activity relationship, pI, inhibition by PO42-, SO32- and Ag+ ions and substrate affinity to p-nitrocatechol sulphate. However, the enzyme shows the temperature optimum of arylsulphatase B of other species.
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PMID:Purification and properties of arylsulphatase A from rabbit testis. 1 73

Optimal conditions for detecting staphylokinase, phosphatase, protease, lipase, esterase, egg yolk factor, lysozyme, deoxyribonuclease, hyaluronidase, penicillinase, and alpha-, beta-, and delta-hemolysins in cell-free filtrates of selected strains of staphylococci by agar plate methods were established by studying the effect of factors such as buffer composition, pH, ionic strength, type of agar, nature and concentration of substrate, and certain metal ions. The final tests that evolved from this study are simple to perform, require only 6 mul of the sample per test, and are capable of detecting microgram and, in some cases, nanogram quantities of the product. The zones of reaction can also be quantitatively related to the amount of material present. The test may also be useful for the detection of extracellular products of other microorganisms.
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PMID:Agar plate tests of enhanced sensitivity for detecting biologically active products of staphylococcal filtrates. 18 61

Three methods at present available for the purification of staphylococcal delta-haemolysin were compared as to the purity and identify of the product obtained. None yielded a pure preparation of delta-haemolysin; one of the three preparations did not contain demonstrable delta-haemolysin when tested electrophoretically, but it contained deoxyribonuclease, penicillinase, phosphatase and alpha-haemolysin. The second preparation had delta-haemolysin activity and was free of alpha-haemolysin, but it contained lipase, egg-yolk factor, esterase, deoxyribonuclease, penicillinase, phosphatase and hyaluronidase. The third preparation contained all of the products mentioned above, except phosphatase, and it also contained alpha-haemolysin, staphylokinase, lysozyme and caseinase. These findings are discussed with special reference to the requirement for criteria of purity in work with staphylococcal products.
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PMID:Purity of staphylococcal delta-haemolysin obtained by three different procedures. 18 51

The enzymes from the venom of Heterometrus scaber, the indole compounds present and the toxic protein of the venom have been studied. The venom contains acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, acetylcholine esterase and phospholipase. A. The indole compounds present in the venom have been identified as 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine, along with two unidentified indole compounds. The venom produces hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses and this has been found to be due to increased adrenaline secretion. The toxic protein of the venom has been obtained in a pure form by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by fractional precipitation with acetone and chromatography over DEAE-Sephadex. The toxic fraction has been found to be homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is a glycoprotein (molecular weight 15 000) containing 1.74% glucosamine, 0.87% galactosamine, 0.313% sialic acid, 3.25% fucose and 0.45% of an unidentified neutral sugar. It did not show any enzyme activities, haemolytic activity or inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity but it produced hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses. The toxic level (intravenous administration in rats) was found to be 0.72 mg/kg body weight.
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PMID:Investigations on the venom of the South Indian scorpion Heterometrus scaber. 111 82

Some biological and neurochemical properties of the venom of stonefish (Syanceja horrida) were investigated. The venom exhibited oedema-inducing, haemolytic, hyaluronidase, thrombin-like, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5' nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, arginine esterase, and arginine amidase activities. Recalcification clotting time, prothrombin, and kaolin-cephalin clotting times were increased 1.7-2.3- and 2.4-fold respectively. The LD50 (i.v. mouse) was 300 micrograms/Kg. Its effects on uptake and stimulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and release were observed in rat brain synaptosomes. In the presence of 100 micrograms venom, uptake of [methyl-3H] choline in rat brain synaptosomes was inhibited 70%, while that of 4-amino-n-[U-14C] butyric acid was inhibited 20%. The toxin also stimulated the release of [3H]-acetylcholine from the synaptosomes.
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PMID:Biological activities of Synanceja horrida (stonefish) venom. 136 68

When lymph node cells from nude mice were grown on embryonic fibroblast monolayers together with rat interleukin-2, only one type of colonies developed. These colonies were composed of cytotoxic cells termed "granular/lymphokine-activated killer/mucus-secreting cells" (LAK-GM). An extensive differentiation course, in which all the cellular components were involved, ended with a population of short-lived, mature, nondividing large cells that apparently synthesized and deposited a flowing mucoid material (FMM) that stained distinctly blue with periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue (PAS-Ab) at pH 1 and distinctly red by the naphthol AS-D-chloracetate method for specific esterase. So far, the best monolayers to trigger the FMM synthesis were those prepared from 16- to 18-day-old whole embryos. These cells were compared with LAK cells that developed on monolayers (such as embryonic skin or adult kidney) that did not trigger FMM synthesis. They were also compared with other cell types that differentiated in colonies on the fibroblast monolayers: histiocytes (fixed macrophages), mixed granulocytes/monocytes, mucosal mast cells; and with populations of mature rat T-killer cells developed on same mouse monolayers. Features distinctive to the secreting LAK-GM cells were presence of masses of membrane-limited vesicles that were strictly confined to the surface of the cells in FMM-containing colonies. All transitional forms of budding activity could be seen on the cell surface facing the masses. Within the same cells, many granules displayed varying degrees of degradation, the granular material being transformed into flocculent material that formed small pools facing each degraded surface. Other characteristics of the LAK-GM lineage were the accumulation of glycogen prior to the appearance of the FMM, the presence of several structures of a ribosome-lamella complex in the LAK-GM in colonies that did not accumulate FMM, and filopodia commonly emerging from the pole proximal to the nucleus. Of various fixation methods tried, only after treatment with absolute alcohol and subsequent drying was the FMM stained with PAS-Ab. By subsequent wetting, the capacity to be stained was irreversibly lost. After incubation of the living cultures with the enzymes hyaluronidase or chondroitinases AC or ABC, the FMM disappeared. These observations suggest a triggering mechanism by the embryonic mesenchymal fibroblastoid cells for synthesis and secretion of mucous material that is a proteoglycan of the chondroitin sulfate group.
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PMID:Secretion of mucoid material by lymphokine-activated killer cells: study by light and electron microscopy. 218 62

Venoms from 20 species of stinging Hymenoptera, including nine species of ants and nine species of social wasps, were quantitatively analyzed for the following enzymic activities: phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, lipase, esterase, protease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. Phospholipase and hyaluronidase were present in all the venoms, with activity levels generally higher among the wasps than the ants (P less than 0.05). Lipase was present in high activity in several social wasp venoms and one ant venom, in low levels in two other ant venoms and absent from four tested snake venoms. Two-carbon esterase activity was present in the venoms of five social wasps and one ant. Non-specific protease was present at very high activity levels in the venoms of an army ant species and was also present in the venoms of a social wasp and another ant. Acid phosphatase activity was present in eight of the nine ant venoms, but was essentially absent from all the social wasp venoms. Alkaline phosphatase activity was clearly detectable in the venoms of only two species of ants. Phosphodiesterase, an enzyme not previously detected in insect venoms, was present in the venoms of three closely related ant species. Venoms with generally high enzymic activities included those of Polistes infuscatus, Vespula (V.) squamosa and Pogonomyrmex badius; those with low activities included Dolichovespula maculata, Apoica pallens and Dasymutilla lepeletierii. The 20 venoms were ranked according to overall activity levels using the eight enzyme activities plus lethal, hemolytic and pain-inducing activities. They were also compared phylogenetically using these 11 activities.
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PMID:Comparative enzymology of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. 354 39

The production of extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase (NADG) and the cell-bound lipoproteinase (serum opacity reaction, SOR) by strains of different serological types of group A streptococci, in relation to the T typing, was studied. The production of both NADG and SOR, or only one of them, was found to be characteristic of serotypes, as determined by M and T antigen. No difference in the production of these enzymes was found in relation to M-positive and M-negative variants. Investigation into NADG and SOR production as related to the T type enabled the division of a single agglutination pattern into four main groups, each of which corresponds to one specific M type or more. Of the 370 strains belonging to 12 different T-agglutination patterns, 21% produced both enzymes and 42.5% failed to produce any of them, whereas the remaining 36.5% produced only one out of the two enzymes. Five streptococcal types which did not produce NADG and SOR also failed to synthesize streptolysin S at the early logarithmic phase of growth, indicating that streptolysin S production by young cultures may be also related to serotype. No correlation was found between the production of NADG-SOR as related to serotype and the production of streptolysin O, acid phosphotase, esterase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, and the cell-sensitizing factor. The practical and potential usefulness of NADG and SOR production in epidemiological studies is discussed.
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PMID:Application of enzyme production properties in subtyping of group A streptococci according to T type. 516 11

The findings are presented of a morphologic, quantitative, cytochemical and cytoenzymologic study of the mononucleated nonlymphoid cells in knee synovial fluids from osteoarthritis and various inflammatory diseases. The morphologic criteria allowed the identification of subtypes, including phagocytic subtypes, among synoviocytic and monocytic cells in the fluids. The quantitative study showed an important afflux of monocytes and a hyperexfoliation of synoviocytes in the inflammatory diseases. In fluids with intermediate cellularity, the ratio of monocytes to synoviocytes allowed the differential cytodiagnosis between osteoarthrosis and arthritis. All monocytic subtypes, especially the phagocytic one, were highly significantly increased in the inflammatory diseases. A lower increase was shown by the synoviocytic subtypes, except the phagocytic one, which was not changed. Giant multinucleated synoviocytes were found in every type of disease and thus do not constitute a cytodiagnostic marker. Alcian blue staining without hyaluronidase treatment showed hyaluronate in only a small percentage of the synoviocytes. Cytoenzymologic study showed that synoviocytes and monocytes were positive for all tested hydrolases (beta glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and alpha naphthyl acetate esterase), with the reactivities always higher in the synoviocytes. The synoviocytes were always negative with peroxidase, so this reaction, although it marks only a minority of the monocytic population, can be used as an extra cytologic criterion for the discrimination of mononucleated cells in synovial fluid. There was no significant quantitative difference at the cellular level between osteoarthrosis and arthritides in the reaction to these four enzymes. The lysosomal enzymatic activity in both monocytic and synoviocytic cells confirmed their heterophagic properties. However, synoviocytic heterophagy seems to be a physiologic process, either little or not affected by inflammatory events. On the other hand, monocytic heterophagy and then the macrophagic transformation of monocytes appears to be a major aspect of intrasynovial inflammatory reactions. The question remains as to why, if a large majority of exfoliated synoviocytes comes from type A synovial-lining cells and if they belong to mononuclear phagocytic system, do they so weakly, or not at all, participate as phagocytes in the inflammatory reaction.
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PMID:Morphologic, quantitative and cytoenzymologic studies of synoviocytic and monocytic cells in synovial fluid. 609 67

Certain strains of Moraxella bovis produce tissue-damaging enzymes which may initiate or potentiate infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Thirteen reference strains of this species were characterized physiologically and screened for production of various enzymes by some conventional biochemical tests and the API ZYM system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). All 13 strains were hemolytic. All hydrolyzed Tween 80 and Tween 85 and displayed C4 esterase, C8 esterase-lipase, and C14 lipase activities. All produced phosphoamidase and phosphatase. All were able to hydrolyze casein and gelatin. All produced leucine and valine aminopeptidases and fibrinolysin. Twelve produced hyaluronidase or were agarolytic. Three hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate. Nine strains autoagglutinated. Five produced catalase, and two produced cystine aminopeptidase.
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PMID:Hydrolytic enzymes of Moraxella bovis. 625 99


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