Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three approaches are utilized to study and characterize spermatozoal antigens. An immunological approach has demonstrated the presence of spermatozoal auto-, iso- and allo-antigens. Spermatozoal auto-antigens studies by several authors are able to induce the whole spectrum of immune reactions (delayed hypersensitivity, complement-fixing antibodies and anaphylactic antibodies0 as well as of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO). Different extraction procedures result in various preparations and even in different independent autoantigens (at least four), one protein, one membrane-linked antigen and at least two glyco-proteins. Spermatozoal iso-antigens stricto sensu are determined by the Y chromosome and present on at least 50% of the spermatozoa. Spermatozoal allo-antigens are also present at the surface of spermatozoa, especially blood group antigens (ABO and MNS systems), transplantation antigens (HL-A, H-2) and also some other unidentified ones. A biochemical approach has mainly been directed towards spermatozoal enzymes that have been directed towards spermatozoal enzymes that have been shown to be antigenic even in the species of origin. This is the case for lactic dehydrogenase LDH-X (a mid-piece enzyme) and for acrosomal enzymes, e.g., hyaluronidase, possibly sorbitol dehydrogenase and trypsin-like acrosomal proteinase (the auto- and allo-antigenicity of the latter having not been established). At least three of these enzymes are known or supposed to play a role in the process of fertilization. A clinical approach has described the presence of spermatozoal-coating antigen(s), such as transferrin or blood group substances from secretors obtained following the admixture of the secretions of the seminal vesicles. Indications were also obtained for the existence of antibodies directed against defined antigens. Several types of localization of antibodies on spermatozoa were described: acrosome (front part), equatorial segment, post-nuclear region, mid-piece and tail. Attempts at fractionation of human psermatozoal antigens are still at a preliminary stage. Whatever the approach, the main interest of these antigens is that they are able to induce, in the species of origin or in a related species antibodies capable of interfering with the normal process of reproduction, especially fertilization..
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PMID:Characterization of spermatozoal auto-, iso- and allo-antigens. 4 84

An antigen was detected in pooled human nephroblastomas using antiserum prepared in rabbits against an ethylemediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) extract of the tumors. This antigen was not found in normal human plasma or kidney extracts, and was not related to the ABO or Forssman blood groups. The antigen was detected in extracts of cultured nephroblastoma cells, but was not present in extracts of normal human fetal kidney cell cultures. The antigen is believed to be present at the cell surface, as cell viability was not significantly lowered during the extraction procedure. A reaction of complete identity was demonstrated by Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments with this antigen and purified bovine fetuin. The antigen was not found in extracts of human fetal spleen, thymus or kidney, nor in human fetal serum. Furthermore, the antigen does not possess determinants in common with the human alpha-fetoprotein of hepatomas, nor was it detected in human renal clear cell carcinoma. Initial characterization of the antigen showed it to be nondialysable, not sedimentable at 100,000 times g for 2 h, stable to repeated freeze-thawing and to incubation at 56 degrees C for 1 h, and water soluble over a wide pH range. The antigen was susceptible to digestion with pronase and trypsin and possibly hyaluronidase, but not to ribonuclease or neuraminidase. The protein portion is therefore of major importance to the structural integrity of this antigen. The relationship between this antigen and other abnormal materials reported previously in nephroblastoma patients is being studied.
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PMID:A fetuin-like antigen from human nephroblastoma. 5 Feb 93