Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The genome of the highly pathogenic M1 serotype Streptococcus pyogenes isolate SF370 contains eight prophage elements. Only prophage SF370.1 could be induced by mitomycin C treatment. Prophage SF370.3 showed a 33.5-kb-long genome that closely resembled the genome organization of the cos-site temperate Siphovirus r1t infecting the dairy bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The two-phage genomes shared between 60 and 70% nucleotide sequence identity over the DNA packaging, head and tail genes. Analysis of the SF370.3 genome revealed mutations in the replisome organizer gene that may prevent the induction of the prophage. The mutated phage replication gene was closely related to a virulence marker identified in recently emerged M3 serotype S. pyogenes strains in Japan. This observation suggests that prophage genes confer selective advantage to the lysogenic host. SF370.3 encodes a hyaluronidase and a DNase that may facilitate the spreading of S. pyogenes through tissue planes of its human host. Prophage SF370.2 showed a 43-kb-long genome that closely resembled the genome organization of pac-site temperate Siphoviridae infecting the dairy bacteria S. thermophilus and L. lactis. Over part of the structural genes, the similarity between SF370.2 and S. thermophilus phage O1205 extended to the nucleotide sequence level. SF370.2 showed two probable inactivating mutations: one in the replisome organizer gene and another in the gene encoding the portal protein. Prophage SF370.2 also encodes a hyaluronidase and in addition two very likely virulence factors: prophage-encoded toxins acting as superantigens that may contribute to the immune deregulation observed during invasive streptococcal infections. The superantigens are encoded between the phage lysin and the right attachment site of the prophage genome. The genes were nearly sequence identical with a DNA segment in S. equi, suggesting horizontal gene transfer. The trend for prophage genome inactivation was even more evident for the remaining five prophage sequences that showed massive losses of prophage DNA. In these prophage remnants only 13-0.3 kb of putative prophage DNA was detected. We discuss the genomics data from S. pyogenes strain SF370 within the framework of Darwinian coevolution of prophages and lysogenic bacteria and suggest elements of genetic cooperation and elements of an arms race in this host-parasite relationship.
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PMID:Comparative genomics reveals close genetic relationships between phages from dairy bacteria and pathogenic Streptococci: evolutionary implications for prophage-host interactions. 1160 4

Serological tests are commonly employed to aid the diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes infections, particularly when non-suppurative sequelae are suspected. Conventional laboratory practice is to measure antibody levels to various combinations of the extracellular group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigens streptolysin O (SLO), DNase B, streptokinase and hyaluronidase. Antibody to the extracellular cysteine proteinase streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) and its precursor zymogen is also produced in response to GAS infections. An indirect hemagglutination test for antibody to zymogen/SPE B was established and evaluated in serum samples from 168 patients with proven (n = 27) or suspected GAS (n = 141) infections, which were also screened for antibodies using the 4 conventional tests. For comparison, sera from 56 patients infected with a variety of other pathogens, as well as sera from 16 patients infected with either S. agalactiae or S. pneumoniae and 34 sera from healthy subjects, were tested. Statistical analysis confirmed that antibody to zymogen/SPE B is a serological marker that can discriminate GAS infections. It can be ranked with the anti-SLO titer, currently the most widely used test, as a marker of an antecedent GAS infection.
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PMID:Antibody to streptococcal cysteine proteinase as a seromarker of group A Streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections. 1216 Jan 65

The occurrence of several virulence traits (cytolysin, adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes) was investigated in a collection of 164 enterococci, including food and clinical isolates (from human and veterinary origin), as well as type and reference strains from 20 enterococcal species. Up to fifteen different cyl genotypes were found, as well as silent cyl genes. The occurrence of the cyl operon and haemolytic potential seems to be widespread in the genus. A significant association of this virulent trait with clinical isolates was found (p < 0.05). High levels of incidence were also observed for genes encoding surface adhesins (esp, efaA(fs), efaA(fm)), agg and gelE, irrespectively of species allocation and origin of strains. Although gelE behaves as silent in the majority of the strains, gelatinase activity predominates in clinical isolates, whereas lipase and DNase were mainly detected in food isolates pointing to their minor role as virulence determinants. No hyaluronidase activity was detected for all strains. Numerical hierarchic data analysis grouped the strains in three main clusters, two of them including a total of 50 strains with low number of virulence determinants (from 2 to 7) and the other with 114 strains with a high virulence potential (up to 12 determinants). No statistical association was found between virulence clusters and species allocation (p > 0.10), strongly suggesting that virulence determinants are a common trait in the genus Enterococcus. Clinical strains seem to be significantly associated with high virulence potential, whereas food, commensal and environmental strains harbour fewer virulence determinants (p < 0.01). A high level of relative diversity in virulence patterns was observed (Shannon's index varies from 0.95 to 1.0 among clusters), reinforcing the strain-specific nature of the association of virulence factors. Although a low risk seems to be associated with the use of enterococci in long-established artisanal cheeses, screening of virulence traits and their cross-synergies must be performed, particularly for commercial starters, probiotic strains and products to be used by high risk population groups.
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PMID:Virulence factors in food, clinical and reference Enterococci: A common trait in the genus? 1274 5

Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) are commonly used to assess the general microbiological quality of drinking water. Drinking water quality specifications worldwide recommend HPC limits from 100 to 500 cfu ml(-1). A number of recent studies revealed evidence that these bacteria may not be as harmless as generally accepted. It appears that immuno-compromised individuals are particularly at risk. This would include the very young and very old patients with diseases such as AIDS and patients on therapy for purposes such as organ transplantation and cancer treatment. In this study, 339 bacterial colonies were isolated at random from selected treated and untreated drinking water in South Africa using routine heterotrophic plate count tests. In a first step to screen for potentially pathogenic properties, 188 (55.5%) of the isolates showed alpha- or beta-haemolysis on human- and horse-blood agar media. Subsequent analysis of the haemolytic isolates for enzymatic properties associated with pathogenicity revealed the presence of chondroitinase in 5.3% of the isolates, coagulase in 16.0%, DNase in 60.6%, elastase in 33.0%, fibrinolysin in 53.7%, gelatinase in 62.2%, hyaluronidase in 21.3%, lecithinase in 47.9%, lipase in 54.8% and proteinase in 64.4%. Fluorescein and pyocyanin were not produced by any of the isolates. Among the haemolytic isolates, 77.7% were resistant to oxacillin 1 microg, 59.6% to penicillin G 2 units, 47.3% to penicillin G 10 units, 54.3% to ampicillin 10 microg and 43.1% to ampicillin 25 microg. Cell culture studies revealed that 96% of haemolytic isolates were cytotoxic to HEp-2 cells, and 98.9% of the 181 cytotoxic isolates adhered to HEp-2 or Caco-2 cells. HEp-2 cells were invaded by 43.6%, and Caco-2 cells by 49.7%, of the 181 cytotoxic isolates. The invasion index on HEp-2 cells ranged from 1.9 x 10(-1) to 8.9 x 10(-6), whereas the invasion index on Caco-2 cells varied between 7.7 x 10(-2) and 8.3 x 10(-6). The most commonly isolated genera with these potentially pathogenic features were Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Aureobacterium, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Tsukamurella and Vibrio. The results obtained in this study support earlier findings on potentially pathogenic features of bacteria detected by routine HPCs on drinking water. These findings are in agreement with some epidemiological studies, which indicated an association between HPCs in drinking water and the incidence of gastroenteritis in consumers. However, the extent of the health risk concerned needs to be defined in more detail for meaningful revision of quality guidelines for HPCs in drinking water.
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PMID:Potentially pathogenic features of heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from treated and untreated drinking water. 1514 86

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of rendering oocytes and embryos free of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Groups of cumulus oocytes complexes, cumulus free oocytes, and embryos 3 to 5 d post breeding were exposed to PCV2 (10(5) TCID50/mL) prior to disinfection by washing and different combinations of enzymatic treatments. The study suggests that under the in vitro conditions used, standard washing procedures with, or without, trypsin or incorporating pronase or hyaluronidase and DNase/RNase in the treatment was not effective in rendering oocytes and embryos free from PCV2 nucleic acid. Since the virus is noncytopathic in cell culture and for embryonic cells, it appears that there is a possibility of introducing viral contamination through oocytes collected from infected pigs into the in vitro fertilization system with subsequent potential of producing in vitro fertilized embryos associated with PCV2.
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PMID:An attempt to render oocytes and embryos free from the porcine circovirus type 2 after experimental in vitro exposure. 1535 49

The pellets from a culture of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) that were submerged shaken were disintegrated into numerous hyphal fragments by DNase treatment. The pellets were increasingly dispersed by hyaluronidase treatment, and mycelial fragments were easily detached from the pellets. The submerged mycelium grew by forming complexes with calcium phosphate precipitates or kaolin, a soil particle. Therefore, the pellet formation of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) can be considered a biofilm formation, including the participation of adhesive extracellular polymers and the insoluble substrates.
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PMID:Formation and dispersion of mycelial pellets of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). 1535 96

Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from diseased and healthy dogs were examined for production of extracellular enzymes and toxins, and phage patterns. There were no significant differences between the two groups of isolates in the production rates of DNase, protease, lipase, gelatinase, hyaluronidase, hemolysins, protein A, and TSST-1, or in phage patterns. But the production rate of enterotoxins in isolates from diseased dogs was significantly higher than that in isolates from healthy dogs. PFGE analysis was performed with isolates from different body sites in individual dogs. In 3 of 6 healthy dogs, identical PFGE patterns were seen in isolates from the nares, external auditory meatus or skin. The remaining 3 dogs yielded isolates of different patterns. In 4 of 6 diseased dogs, identical patterns were seen in isolates from lesions as well as from the other normal sites.
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PMID:Characteristics of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from diseased and healthy dogs. 1569 4

The objective of this study was to explore approaches to decontaminate embryos either contaminated naturally or under experimental conditions with different viruses. Embryos were obtained from in vitro maturation and fertilisation of porcine oocytes. After 7 days of development, morula and blastocyst stages were exposed for 1 h to the following viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) at an infectivity of 100 TCID50/mL. Embryos samples were treated with different washing procedures, which all included the following standard washing solutions: PBS+0.4% BSA (five times for 10 s), Hank's+0.25% trypsin (two times for 60-90 or 120-150 s, or one time of 5 min), Hank's+0.1 mg/mL DNase 1+20 U/mL RNase One (one time of 30 min) and PBS+0.4% BSA again (five times for 10s). Two new approaches were used to improve trypsin treatment, 0.1% hyaluronidase (one time for 5 min) instead of trypsin and a pre-incubation with oviductal cells. Therefore, in the first experiment, oocytes received standard maturation treatments and in the second, they were also co-incubated with oviductal cells for the last 3 h of maturation. The effectiveness of the different washing techniques in removing viruses was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In the first experiment, trypsin treatment did not eliminate PRRSV, PPV, PCV, and EMCV from contaminated embryos. Surprisingly, treatment with hyaluronidase eliminated all tested viruses. In the second experiment, all viruses tested were removed from the oocytes following the different enzymatic treatments. In conclusion, in vitro embryo decontamination was more effective following exposure to oviductal secretions and hyaluronidase eliminated more virions than trypsin in washing techniques.
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PMID:Evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro. 1591 Sep 18

During mammalian follicle development, a fluid-filled antrum develops in the avascular centre of the follicle. We investigated the hypothesis that follicular fluid contains osmotically-active molecules, sufficiently large so as to not freely escape the follicular fluid. Such molecules could generate an osmotic differential and thus recruit fluid from the surrounding vascularised stroma into the antrum. Follicular fluid was collected from bovine follicles classified histologically as healthy (n = 4 pools) or atretic (n = 4 pools). Dialysis of the follicular fluid at 300 kDa or 500 kDa resulted in a reduction in colloid osmotic pressure of 35% and 60%, respectively, in fluid from healthy follicles and 29% and 80% from atretic follicles. Digestion of follicular fluid with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC or DNase 1 followed by dialysis resulted in reductions in osmotic pressure of 43%, 53% and 43% respectively for fluids from healthy follicles and 34%, 20% and 31% for atretic follicles. Digestion with collagenase I, proteinase K, heparanase 1 or keratanase had no significant effect on the osmotic pressure of follicular fluid of healthy follicles. Ion exchange and size exclusion, Western blotting and ELISA identified the proteoglycans versican and inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor and the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in follicular fluid. We conclude that these molecules or aggregates of them are of sufficient size to contribute to the osmotic potential of follicular fluid and thus recruit fluid into the follicular antrum. DNA may also contribute but it is probably not a component that is regulated for this role.
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PMID:Formation of ovarian follicular fluid may be due to the osmotic potential of large glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. 1681 38

With the recent insights into the Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) as pulmonary pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), we sought to characterize 128 isolates from the sputum of adults with CF, along with 45 isolates from patients with invasive diseases for comparison. The tests performed included Lancefield grouping; tests for hemolysis; tests for the production of hyaluronidase, chondroitin sulfatase, DNase, proteases, and hydrogen peroxide; and PCR for the detection of the intermedilysin gene (ily). We also generated biochemical profiles with the Rapid ID Strep 32 API system and tested cell-free supernatants for the presence of the signal molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) using a Vibrio harveyi bioassay with a subset of CF strains. The S. intermedius isolates from both strain collections were similar, while the S. constellatus and S. anginosus isolates yielded several biotypes that differed in prevalence between the two strain collections. Beta-hemolytic, Lancefield group C S. constellatus comprised 74.4% of the S. constellatus isolates from patients with CF but only 13.3% of the corresponding isolates from patients with invasive infections. This was the only S. constellatus biotype associated with pulmonary exacerbations. Hyaluronidase-positive S. anginosus was detected only among the isolates from patients with CF. Strain-to-strain variability in AI-2 expression was evident, with the mean values being the highest for S. anginosus, followed by S. constellatus and then S. intermedius. Cluster analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the species of SMG could be accurately determined with a minimum of three phenotypic tests: tests for the Lancefield group, hyaluronidase production, and chondroitin sulfatase production. Furthermore, isolates from patients with invasive infections clustered with isolates from the sputum of patients with CF, suggesting that the respiratory tract isolates were equally pathogenic.
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PMID:Characterization of Streptococcus milleri group isolates from expectorated sputum of adult patients with cystic fibrosis. 2000 82


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