Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have isolated a syngeneic monoclonal antibody (HepSS-1) reactive to a murine methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, Meth-A. HepSS-1 also bound to a wide variety of established and fresh normal cells derived from not only mice but also other species such as human, monkey, rat, hamster, and chicken. Immunoprecipitation of surface iodinated Meth-A cell extract with HepSS-1, as well as Sepharose 4B gel chromatography of Meth-A cell extract and detection of antigens recognized by HepSS-1 by a sandwich-type radioimmunoassay revealed that the HepSS-1 antigens were composed of several molecular species, with one as large as approximately 10(6) daltons. The following evidence indicates that HepSS-1 specifically recognizes an epitope present in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG). First, treatment of Meth-A cells with heparitinase or heparinase, but not with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase, resulted in the loss of HepSS-1 binding. Second, HS-GAG but not seven other types of GAG (hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate) inhibited HepSS-1 binding to Meth-A cells. Third, HepSS-1 bound with HS-GAG but not with the seven other types of GAG. From the binding analysis of HepSS-1 to various modified HS-GAG and whale omega-heparin, it is additionally suggested that HepSS-1 recognizes an epitope closely related to O-sulfated and N-acetylated glucosamine. We found that NIH 3T3 cells expressed more HepSS-1 epitopes at a low cell density than at confluency and in G2 + M than in G1, whereas NIH 3T3 cells transformed with Kirsten-ras oncogene or SV-40 expressed high levels of HepSS-1 epitopes and ceased to show the density-dependent change in the amount of HepSS-1 epitopes. These observations were also reproduced by using NIH 3T3 cells transformed with a temperature sensitive Kirsten murine sarcoma virus maintained at permissive and non-permissive temperatures. Thus HepSS-1 is a first monoclonal antibody to HS-GAG and seems to be useful to elucidate changes in cell surface HS-GAG in normal cell growth and cell transformation.
J Immunol 1986 Dec 15
PMID:A syngeneic monoclonal antibody to murine Meth-A sarcoma (HepSS-1) recognizes heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG): cell density and transformation dependent alteration in cell surface HS-GAG defined by HepSS-1. 243 Oct 47

The choice of which neurotransmitters will be produced by a developing neuron is influenced by the microenvironment of the neuron. In this study we show that neuronal contact with membrane-associated molecules promotes expression of peptidergic and cholinergic traits. Treatment of cultured neonatal rat sympathetic neurons with plasma membranes derived from adult rat spinal cord or sympathetic ganglia induced expression of the peptide transmitter substance P and increased levels of the cholinergic biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase. The transmitter-stimulating activity could be solubilized from spinal cord membranes by the detergent octyl glucoside but not by Triton X-100. The choline acetyltransferase- and substance P-stimulating activity also could be extracted from spinal cord membranes by 4 M sodium chloride, suggesting that the active material is membrane associated rather than an intrinsic structural membrane molecule. Trypsin or heat treatment of the extract destroyed the transmitter-stimulating activity, indicating that the factor contains a protein. Activity also was destroyed by hyaluronidase treatment, suggesting that the active material may contain a glycosaminoglycan. The choline acetyltransferase-stimulating activity in the 4 M NaCl extract was eluted in a single peak from a calibrated Sephadex G-75 column with a retention time slightly less than that of a 25-kDa standard. NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the active peak revealed a predominant band at 29 kDa. Thus, contact-mediated stimulation of substance P and choline acetyltransferase activity in sympathetic neurons results from neuronal exposure to a 29-kDa membrane-associated factor.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987 Dec
PMID:Solubilization of a membrane factor that stimulates levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in sympathetic neurons. 244 32

The rat renal papillary interstitum which contains abundant proteoglycans is a unique area important in renal function. These proteoglycans were studied ultrastructurally by ruthenium red fixation and staining and phosphate-buffered fixation before and after enzyme digestion. A tissue culture of rat renomedullary interstitial cells, the predominant cell of the renal papillary interstitum, was studied for its ability to synthesize proteoglycans and the proteoglycans were then analyzed. Tissue slices of whole rat renal inner medulla were also evaluated for their synthetic ability. In combination, these studies indicate that the dominant glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronic acid. The tissue culture of rat renal medullary interstitial cells synthesized glycosaminoglycans and on analysis, hyaluronic acid was found to be the chief glycosaminoglycan secreted by the renomedullary interstitial cells. Combined with the removal of the proteoglycans from tissue by leech hyaluronidase and testicular hyaluronidase, this suggests that the dominant glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is also synthesized by the intact papilla confirming the findings with the tissue culture. However, in addition, sulfated glycosaminoglycans were also synthesized by the intact papilla, presumably the product of the noninterstitial components of the papilla.
Exp Mol Pathol 1988 Dec
PMID:Glycosaminoglycans of the rat renomedullary interstitium: ultrastructural and biochemical observations. 246 72

Mouse and teleost fish cerebelli were processed by the freeze-fracture methods for scanning and transmission electron microscopy in order to study the three-dimensional morphology and intramembrane features of climbing fiber-Purkinje spine synapses. In addition, Alcian Blue and ruthenium chloride stainings were applied to mouse cerebellar tissue to investigate the polyanion composition of these excitatory synapses under the transmission electron microscope. In the granular layer, tendril and glomerular collaterals of climbing fibers were observed. In the molecular layer climbing fibers exhibited a characteristic crossing-over or arborescence pattern type of bifurcation, Scheibel's collaterals and multiple thorn synapses with Purkinje spiny dendrites. At the synaptic active zones of climbing fiber-Purkinje spine synapses the freeze-etching replicas showed focal aggregates of intramembrane particles at the E and P faces of the pre- and post-synaptic membranes. Membrane protuberances and pits were also observed at the pre-synaptic membrane. Ultracytochemical study of the climbing fiber synaptic varicosities revealed an Alcian Blue and ruthenium chloride positive material which appeared at the axoplasm surrounding the synaptic vesicles, at the pre- and post-synaptic densities and in the synaptic cleft. The axoplasmic material was sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase, therefore it would correspond to glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid and/or chondroitin sulphates), which have been earlier reported in other cerebellar excitatory systems as those of mossy fiber-granule cell and parallel fiber-Purkinje dendritic spine.
Scanning Microsc 1988 Dec
PMID:Scanning electron microscope, freeze etching and glycosaminoglycan cytochemical studies of the cerebellar climbing fiber system. 246 57

Pigmented epithelial cells of chicken and human dedifferentiate in the medium containing phenylthiourea and testicular hyaluronidase, and then trans-differentiate into lens cells in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of transdifferentiation, gene expression during lens transdifferentiation was analyzed. As the first step, pigment cell and lens specific genes were isolated and expression of these gene was analyzed by Northern blotting . These results clearly shown that lens transdifferentiation proceeds via neutral cell state in which both pigment and lens specific genes are repressed. Oncogene expression was also analyzed. An elevated expression of the c-myc gene was observed during dedifferentiation process. It is expected that elevated expression of c-myc gene might prevent the cells from entering the G0 phase and thus lead to dedifferentiated state.
Hum Cell 1989 Dec
PMID:[Gene expression during lens transdifferentiation from pigmented epithelial cells]. 248 61

It has recently been suggested that fibroblasts in periodontal ligaments have cytochemical characteristics similar to those of osteoblasts and different from those of other connective tissues. The authors isolated clonal cell lines of fibroblast-like cells from human periodontal ligaments in order to clarify their nature. Digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase was used to isolate the cells from a human periodontal ligament. The cells were then plated in a 96-hole microplate. A single cell in a conditioned medium containing 20%FBS was placed in each hole. From these single cells large colonies ware subcultured. Subculturing was done every 8 days until more than 20 successive generations had been produced. The method developed by Lowry et al. was used to determine the ALPase activity of the cultured cells. From the 768 cells cultured from human periodontal ligament, 7 clonal cell lines were isolated in vitro. Cultures of these clonal cell lines resulted in typical, spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like cells, all of which were homogeneous. Very high ALPase activity was observed in 4 of the 7 cell lines. Enzyme reaction products occurred mainly along cell membranes. These stable clonal cell lines provide suitable systems for in vitro studies related to morphological and functional analysis of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament.
Shikwa Gakuho 1989 Dec
PMID:[Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of clonal cell lines in fibroblasts derived from human periodontal ligaments--establishment of clonal cell lines in fibroblasts from periodontal ligaments]. 248 81

Keratoplasty specimens from 19 patients with macular corneal dystrophy (MCD), 11 patients with lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) and 2 patients with granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) were examined by combinations of histochemistry, electron microscopy and electron--histochemistry. Electron histochemistry disclosed that the deposits of MCD have sulfate chondroitin and another hyaluronidase--resistant glycoaminoglycan and that the deposits of LCD have a little sulfate chondroitin. The authors suggest: (1) the possible pathologic mechanism of MCD is that the keratocytes and endothelial cells synthesize abnormal fibrillogranular material which consists of glycoaminoglycan, glycoprotein and lipid; (2) LCD is a primary localized corneal amyloidosis in which the amyloid deposits may result from corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes with a little sulfate chondroitin; (3) the deposits synthesized by corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes in GCD may result from a genetic defect in processing or synthesizing proteins.
Yan Ke Xue Bao 1989 Dec
PMID:[Macular, lattice and granular dystrophy of the cornea: ultra-histochemistry and ultrastructure study]. 251 54

Xyloside-initiated 35SO4(2-)-labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the medium of cultured bovine glomeruli and covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B to construct a solid-phase substrate suitable for the detection of endoglycosidases. The substrate is rendered specific for heparitinase by prior digestion with chondroitin sulphate ABC lyase and is insensitive to proteinase, neuraminidase and hyaluronidase. Normal human mononuclear cells are shown to contain a heparitinase. This enzyme appears to be cell-associated and can be partially purified from human spleen by heparin affinity chromatography.
Biochem J 1989 Dec 15
PMID:Human mononuclear cells contain an endoglycosidase specific for heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan demonstrable with the use of a specific solid-phase metabolically radiolabelled substrate. 253 99

High density lipoprotein (HDL3) binds with high affinity to many types of cells, but controversy exists concerning the nature and biological significance of the binding. We have recently demonstrated that HDL and apoproteins (apo)-AI, -AII, and -CI stimulate a specific and dose-dependent increase in placental lactogen (hPL) release from human trophoblast cells. To examine the possible relationship between HDL3 binding and stimulation of hPL release, we have characterized the binding of [125I]HDL3 to an enriched fraction of hPL-producing trophoblast cells. Binding studies were performed on trophoblast cells isolated by isopycnic centrifugation of collagenase/hyaluronidase-dispersed placental tissue and apo-E free-HDL3 (density, 1.125-1.215 g/ml). Scatchard analysis of binding studies performed at 37 C for 2 h revealed two classes of binding sites: 1) high affinity binding sites with a Kd of 9.7 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml (1.3 x 10(-7) M) and 9.8 +/- 3.2 x 10(5) binding sites/trophoblast cell, and 2) low affinity binding sites with a Kd of 172.8 +/- 64.8 micrograms/ml (2.3 x 10(-6) M) and an estimated 3.2 x 10(6) sites/cell. As has been found in hepatocytes and other cells, the number of HDL3-binding sites per trophoblast cell (but not the binding affinity) decreased at lower incubation temperatures. In addition, HDL3 binding to trophoblasts cells did not require calcium and was not affected by prior treatment of the cells with pronase or trypsin. HDL3-binding sites on trophoblast cells, however, were not specific for HDL3. Low density lipoprotein (density, 1.063-1.055 g/ml), which does not stimulate hPL release, was nearly as potent on a molar basis as HDL3 in binding to the high and low affinity binding sites on trophoblast cells. Furthermore, nitrated HDL3, which does not compete for high affinity binding to trophoblast cells, stimulated hPL release. Although the characteristics of HDL3 binding to trophoblast cells are similar to those of other cells, these results strongly suggest that the binding of HDL3 to high affinity binding sites is not essential for HDL-mediated hPL release.
Endocrinology 1989 Dec
PMID:High density lipoprotein3 binding and biological action: high affinity binding is not necessary for stimulation of placental lactogen release from trophoblast cells. 258 47

It is currently proposed that accumulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) and subsequent hydration of the cardiac extracellular matrix is required for normal looping of the vertebrate heart. To test this hypothesis, we cultured Wistar rat embryos (Gestational Day 9.5) in rat serum plus 20 TRU/ml of Streptomyces hyaluronidase (treated embryos) or rat serum alone (control embryos). Despite degradation of HA as documented by Alcian blue staining at pH 2.5, 57 of 59 treated embryos developed normally looped hearts after 36 hr in culture. These experiments suggest that the accumulation of HA is not required for normal looping of the mammalian heart in situ.
Dev Biol 1989 Dec
PMID:Degradation of hyaluronic acid does not prevent looping of the mammalian heart in situ. 258 77


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