Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In preparation for pulse-chase autoradiography experiments and studies of cell surface changes of relevance to plasma membrane biogenesis, we have prepared a cell suspension from the salt gland of ducklings. The method used was a modification of previous methods used for pancreas and salivary gland and included digestions with collagenase and hyaluronidase, divalent cation chelation, and dispersion by gentle pipetting. Yields were 1.13 X 10(7) cells/g gland, and cell recovery was 45% by DNA assay. Recovery of Na,K-ATPase, a marker for salt gland secretory cells was 40--47%. Cell viability was strongly indicated by trypan blue exclusion and 3H-leucine incorporation. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that most cells retained ultrastructural features characteristic of the intact gland. Smaller cells (3--8 micrometers in diameter), exhibiting few surface microvilli and relatively few cytoplasmic organelles, likely represented the undifferentiated, peripheral cells from the tips of secretory tubules. Larger cells (5--10 micrometers in diameter), exhibiting prominent surface membrane folds enclosing numerous mitochondria, likely represented the functional, secretory cells of the salt gland tubules in various stages of differentiation. The surface folds presented as microvilli and microplicae in scanning electron micrographs.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of single cells from the avian salt gland. 742 16

Asthma is a disease of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity that is associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate in the bronchial submucosa. The interactions between infiltrating T lymphocytes with cellular and extracellular matrix components of the airway and the consequences of these interactions have not been defined. We demonstrate the constitutive expression of CD44 on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells in culture as well as in human bronchial tissue transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. In contrast, basal levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression are minimal but are induced on ASM by inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Activated, but not resting T cells, adhere to cultured ASM; stimulation of the ASM with TNF-alpha enhanced this adhesion. Adhesion was partially blocked by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) on T cells and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on ASM cells. The observed integrin-independent adhesion was mediated by CD44/hyaluronate interactions as it was inhibited by anti-CD44 mAb 5F12 and by hyaluronidase. Furthermore, the adhesion of activated T lymphocytes induced DNA synthesis in growth-arrested ASM cells. Thus, the interaction between T cells and ASM may provide insight into the mechanisms that induce bronchial inflammation and possibly ASM cell hyperplasia seen in asthma.
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PMID:T lymphocytes adhere to airway smooth muscle cells via integrins and CD44 and induce smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis. 752 Apr 73

On the basis of DNA homology to bee venom hyaluronidase, it was recently suggested that the GPI-linked mammalian sperm antigen, PH-20, may function as a cell surface hyaluronidase [Gmachl, M., & Kreil, G. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 3569-3573]. We have quantified the activity of the soluble acrosomal hyaluronidase of mouse sperm and further demonstrate the existence of a membrane-bound hyaluronidase, detected on both acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted mouse sperm, distinct from the soluble form of the enzyme. The membrane-bound hyaluronidase was specifically released by PI-PLC, indicating that it is GPI linked. Acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted sperm released several polypeptides (68, 44, 39, 34, 17, and 15 kDa) when treated with PI-PLC. In addition, GPI-linked polypeptides unique to acrosome-intact or to acrosome-reacted sperm were identified. Fractionation of the PI-PLC-released components from acrosome-reacted sperm using size exclusion chromatography revealed a single peak of hyaluronidase activity which comigrates with a 68 kDa GPI-linked protein present in these fractions. Taken together, these data demonstrate the existence of at least two isoforms of hyaluronidase: a soluble form within the acrosomal vesicle which is released during acrosomal exocytosis and a GPI-linked form which is present on the surface of both acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted sperm. Both forms may be necessary for successful penetration of the extracellular vestments that surround the egg prior to fertilization.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked hyaluronidase on mouse sperm. 779 89

Hyaluronan is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix and is a critical substrate for cellular attachment and locomotion. Little is known about the class of enzymes, termed hyaluronidases, that are responsible for hyaluronan catabolism in mammals. We have determined a partial amino acid sequence from a purified preparation of porcine liver hyaluronidase and have used this information as the basis for cloning complementary DNA that encodes the corresponding protein. When expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system, the protein exhibited hyaluronidase activity in a substrate-gel assay. The deduced sequence of this mammalian hyaluronidase is that of a 459-amino-acid polypeptide bearing four potential N-glycosylation sites as well as a copy of a proposed hyaluronan binding motif. Remarkably, amino acid sequence comparisons and immunologic cross-reactivities strongly suggest that the cloned protein is identical to hemopexin, an abundant, heme-binding serum protein. Although hemopexin has not previously been reported to possess any enzymatic activity, it includes a conserved domain found in collagenases, stromelysins, and other enzymes that metabolize the extracellular matrix. We conclude that hemopexin is the predominant hyaluronidase expressed in mammalian liver.
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PMID:Molecular cloning of a mammalian hyaluronidase reveals identity with hemopexin, a serum heme-binding protein. 779 3

Staphylococcus aureus has long been known as one of the most virulent microbes, with capabilities that make it threatening in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. It remains the most frequent cause of skin-structure and traumatic infections in the community. S. aureus infections in the maxillofacial region are likely to be associated with a known portal of entry, but this is not always the case. Once invasion occurs, the organism may produce virulent enzymes including coagulase, hyaluronidase, proteases, DNA-ase, lipases, hemolysins, and lysozyme as well as exotoxins. Markel et al point out that cellulitis associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci will often resolve without abscess formation. Hence, there is often no site from which to obtain specimens, making this infection a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This report describes an infection in which the etiologic organism was identified as S. aureus. The source of the infection, however, remained unclear.
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PMID:Staphylococcus aureus cellulitis: an unusual presentation. 805 Feb 64

A gene bank of Sau3A1-generated Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23 DNA fragments was constructed in Escherichia coli K-12 with the low-copy-number cosmid vector pOU61cos. Clone lysates were screened by immunoblotting using a mouse antiserum raised against a crude pneumococcal hyaluronidase preparation. One immunoreactive clone was isolated, and it produced high level of hyaluronidase activity. This clone contained a recombinant cosmid (designated pJCP800) with an approximately 35-kb DNA insert, and the putative hyaluronidase coding sequence was subcloned into pBluescript SK as a 3.8-kb PstI-ClaI fragment (designated pJCP802). The complete nucleotide sequence of this insert was determined. The region included an open reading frame sufficient to encode a polypeptide with an M(r) of 107,751. An active hyaluronidase with an M(r) of approximately 89,000 was purified to homogeneity from E. coli DH5 alpha(pJCP802). N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the purified protein suggested that translation initiation was occurring primarily at a TTG codon within the major open reading frame. However, immunoblot analysis using antiserum raised against the purified 89-kDa hyaluronidase indicated that E. coli DH5 alpha(pJCP802) also expressed the 107-kDa form of the enzyme. This antiserum labelled a 107-kDa protein in partially purified hyaluronidase preparations from S. pneumoniae. The hyaluronidase activity in this pneumococcal extract was also neutralized by the antiserum.
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PMID:Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronidase gene and purification of the enzyme from recombinant Escherichia coli. 811 43

Of the 29 'Streptococcus milleri' strains tested, all thirteen Streptococcus intermedius (DNA homology group 2) strains but none of the thirteen Streptococcus anginosus (group 1) strains produced beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, alpha-N-acetylneuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase. The three Streptococcus constellatus (group 3) strains produced only the latter two. Glycosidase production divided 274 clinical isolates into 103 S. anginosus, 101 S. intermedius, and 70 S. constellatus strains. Generally, strains of S. anginosus and S. intermedius were non-beta-haemolytic. API II and biotype Ia (lactose positive), but the former contained almost all API III strains and belonged to Lancefield group A/serotype a (A/a), -/b, C/c, -/d, -/e, F/f or G/k, and the latter included most of biotype IId (lactose negative) and serovar -/g, -/h, -/i or -/j. S constellatus strains were beta-, alpha- or gamma-haemolytic, of API I or II but mostly biotype Ib (lactose negative), and of F/- or -/b. S. intermedius was a major member of the oral isolates. Non-oral isolates were virtually all S. anginosus (mainly urogenital isolates) or S. constellatus (the other systemic isolates).
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PMID:Enzymatic differentiation and biochemical and serological characteristics of the clinical isolates of Streptococcus angiosus, S. intermedius and S. constellatus. 829 53

CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein postulated to play a role in a variety of biological processes, including lymphocyte homing and tumor-cell metastasis. Several isoforms of CD44 have been identified in human cells, and the genesis of some of these isoforms has been attributed to alternative splicing. In the study presented here we amplified three novel transcript variants of CD44 from human cell lines using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction strategy. Two of the novel isoforms differed from previously described CD44 isoforms as a result of alternative splicing that occurred at previously reported splice junctions. The third novel CD44 isoform was generated from a previously unreported alternative splice junction near the 5' end of the open reading frame. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed that these novel isoforms and all of the previously described CD44 isoforms arose from alternative splicing. The capability of cells to modify their CD44 alternative splicing pattern was demonstrated in MCF-7 cells, which altered their CD44-isoform expression pattern in response to treatment with hyaluronidase. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating CD44 alternative splicing may provide insights into diverse processes, including tumor-cell metastasis and lymphocyte homing.
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PMID:Novel variants of CD44 arising from alternative splicing: changes in the CD44 alternative splicing pattern of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells treated with hyaluronidase. 835 81

To clarify the role of c-fos DNA in the activation of human synovial cells, the pH8 expression vector containing human c-fos DNA under the control of murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat was transfected into cultured synovial cells. After G418 selection, the control transfectant clones transfected with pH8 vector not containing c-fos DNA insertion changed their original fibroblastic shape into dendritic cells. They stopped growing at this stage. However, the c-fos DNA transfectant clones continued to grow actively beyond this stage, and regained the fibroblastic appearance. Furthermore, c-fos DNA transfectants adhered to and grew on hyaluronidase treated cartilage surfaces more extensively than control transfectants after 6 days in culture. These findings suggest that c-fos DNA supports active growth of human synovial cells by facilitating transition of synovial dendritic cells into fibroblastic cells.
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PMID:The contribution of human c-fos DNA to cultured synovial cells: a transfection study. 847 46

To evaluate the genetic diversity and relationships in a collection of 85 Danish strains of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) we have performed restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on EcoRI- and MspI-digested whole-cell DNA using as probes rRNA, DNA fragments representing the genes encoding hyaluronidase, C5a-peptidase, alpha-antigen, and beta-antigen as well as two randomly selected genomic DNA fragments for which the coding potential is unknown. In addition, we have assayed for expression of hyaluronidase activity and beta-antigen. Combined analyses of our data and those previously obtained by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and serotyping revealed a population separating into six major lineages that correlate with individual serotypes. The significant linkage disequilibrium of alleles indicates that the S. agalactiae population examined is predominantly clonal. Notably, strains expressing the serotype III capsule divide into two distant evolutionary lineages, of which one lacks expression of hyaluronidase activity. Six North American isolates of serotype III clustered together with multiple Danish serotype III strains, showing that the combinations of characters on which the phylogenetic tree was based are conserved worldwide. Occurrence of beta-antigen correlated with a specific version of the alpha-antigen gene and was exclusively associated with a single major phylogenetic lineage. Comparisons with the clinical history of the strains revealed no evidence of differences in pathogenic potential among the six major genetic divisions.
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PMID:Population structure of Streptococcus agalactiae reveals an association between specific evolutionary lineages and putative virulence factors but not disease. 864 1


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