Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histochemical estimation of acid glycosaminoglycan was critically re-evaluated, using the meniscus, intervertebral disc, ossified yellow ligament, ganglion, Dupuytren's fascia and several other tissues. Each tissue was stained with toluidine blue, alcian blue, high iron diamine, low iron diamine, aldehyde fuchsin and dialyzed iron-ferrocyanide. Digestion techniques for GAG were used in these staining methods, and the effects of protease inhibitors (PI) on digestion were also examined. In this study, the optimal temperature for digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase was between 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C, which varied according to the tissue examined. The addition of PI seemed necessary because the enzymatic treatment without PI resulted in an excessive decrease of staining. Protease-free chondroitinase ABC, which did not excessively decrease staining results, was found to be more useful than chondroitinase ABC without PI.
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PMID:[A histochemical study of acid glycosaminoglycans on normal and pathological cartilage, ligaments and several other connective tissues]. 244 81

In order to clarify the biological characteristics of rat mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz-[a]-anthracene (DMBA), histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were performed. Two types of luminal spaces were observed within the tumor. In one type, the lumen was surrounded by eosinophilic columnar cells which were strongly reactive for soybean agglutinin (SBA) but weakly stained with keratin antibodies. In the luminal spaces, substances positive for PAS, dialyzed iron ferrocyanide or alcian blue and resistant to mucopolysaccharidase were occasionally observed. Ultrastructurally, the luminal surface was characterized by the presence of microvilli and tight junctions. In the other type, the lumen was often found in highly cellular foci and surrounded by pale, polygonal or elongated cells which were weakly stained with keratin antibodies but not SBA. The luminal spaces presented a peculiar structure filled mainly with mucoid substances sensitive to hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and heparitinase, and the inner surface of the spaces was surrounded by basement membrane components: laminin, fibronectin and type IV collagen. The results of the present study therefore showed that DMBA-induced mammary tumor consists, partly, of a structure resembling human adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. 245 33

We investigated the ultrastructural distribution and histochemical properties of sulfated glycoconjugates, which could be preserved by glutaraldehyde fixation, in secretory ameloblasts and developing enamel matrix, by use of the high iron diamine thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate (HID-TCH-SP) staining and enzymatic digestion methods. Large type HID-TCH-SP stain deposits, approximately 10 nm in diameter, were detected on the interdigitating cell membrane of Tomes' process, inside some secretory granules, on the lateral cell membrane of stratum intermedium, in the basement membranes associated with outer enamel epithelium and endothelial cells of capillary, within the so-called hole region, and in the enamel matrix near future enamel-cement junction. A few large type stain deposits were, however, randomly distributed over the whole layer of enamel matrix. Small type stain deposits smaller than 5 nm in diameter were localized within some secretory granules and Golgi vesicles of ameloblasts and on the surface layer of developing enamel matrix. While the large type HID-TCH-SP stain deposits associated with the basement membranes and on the lateral cell membrane of stratum intermedium were susceptible to heparitinase, the others resisted enzymatic digestion not only by heparitinase but also by testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC, indicating that they represent sulfated glycoconjugates other than heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, or chondroitin sulfate C. On the other hand, HID-TCH-SP stain deposits within the secretory granules of odontoblasts and in the predentine matrix were susceptible to testicular hyaluronidase. Thus, it was confirmed that the composition of sulfated glycoconjugates secreted into the developing enamel matrix differs essentially from that of sulfated glycoconjugates associated with dentinogenesis.
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PMID:Sulfated glycoconjugates in rat incisor secretory ameloblasts and developing enamel matrix. 246 60

I investigated the ultrastructural localization and histochemical properties of sulfated glycoconjugates in developing enameloid matrix of the fish Polypterus senegalus, by use of the high iron diamine thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate (HID-TCH-SP) staining and enzymatic digestion methods. HID-TCH-SP stain deposits were localized in the dental basal lamina and in the whole thickness of developing enameloid matrix, particularly closely associated with enameloid collagen fibrils. Most HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in the enameloid were susceptible to testicular hyaluronidase but some stain deposits survived. HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in the basal lamina resisted the enzymatic digestion, and were regularly localized to the internal and external sites of lamina densa at an early stage of development, subsequently tending to be randomly arranged with the increase in thickness of enameloid matrix layer. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion with heparitinase preferentially removed HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in the region of the basal lamina. Thus, it was confirmed that most HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in developing enameloid matrix are chondroitin 4-sulfate and/or 6-sulfate and that the stain deposits in the basal lamina represent heparan sulfate. The chondroitin sulfates tended to disappear with the advancement of enameloid mineralization.
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PMID:Histochemical properties of sulfated glycoconjugates in developing enameloid matrix of the fish Polypterus senegalus. 247 Jul 1

Using the high iron diamine thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate (HID-TCH-SP) staining technique, we investigated ultrastructural localization of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the rat gingiva shortly after eruption, especially those associated with internal and external basal laminae. In the apical portion of the internal basal lamina, HID-TCH-SP stain deposits were distributed mainly in the region of the lamina lucida located between the lamina densa and the distal surface membrane of the junctional epithelium and inside the depression of the distal surface membrane adjacent to the basal lamina. Stain deposits were also detected on the surface membrane of the cytoplasmic protrusion. Interestingly, the density of HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in the internal basal lamina was highest in the apical portion of the junctional epithelium and decreased in the coronal direction, finally tending to disappear completely. On the other hand, in the external basal lamina the deposits were localized in the whole region of the basal lamina or at both sites of the lamina densa. HID-TCH-SP stain deposits were also detected external to the lamina densa in the basement membrane associated with capillaries and in the connective tissue where they were distributed in close relation to collagen fibrils. Testicular hyaluronidase digested most HID-TCH-SP stain deposits in the connective tissue, whereas those in the region of basement membranes resisted this enzymatic digestion.
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PMID:Histochemical localization at the electron microscopic level of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the rat gingiva. 247 40

The consideration that mucosubstances act as sites of nucleation and salivary calculi growth prompted to this investigation. Nine calculi of the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland were decalcified and routinely embedded in paraffin. From the blocks serial sections were cut and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and the subsequent histochemical methods for mucosubstances. 1) Alcian Blue-PAS. 2) High Iron Diamine-Alcian Blue. 3) Alcian Blue with critical electrolyte concentration. 4) Alcian Blue before and after testicular hyaluronidase digestion. 5) Acrolein-Thionin-Shiff-PAS 6) Toluidine Blue. Neutral and acid glycoproteins originated from the submandibular gland were predominated in the organic matrix. Glycosaminoglycans probably originated from the connective tissue were detected in the outer areas of the organic matrix. In the central and peripheral parts of 3 salivary calculi spheroid bodies, 1-30 in diameter, were present. The spheroid bodies were unstained with all the histochemical methods for mucosubstances. It is possible the glycoproteins of the submandibular gland to act as nucleating sites in the formation of calculi or, to be passive constituents which are bound by the already formed crystals of the calculi.
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PMID:[Histochemical study on the mucosubstances of the calculi of the main excretory duct of the human submandibular gland]. 248 55

Polycationic labels such as cationized ferritin and colloidal iron were used to evaluate the surface negative charges over the mandibular condyles of ICR mice. The effects of neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, pronase, and collagenase on the binding of cationized ferritin and colloidal iron particles to the condylar articular surface were also studied. The results of this study clearly indicate that the surface area of the cartilaginous condyle is negatively charged and that its composition consists mainly of a collagenous material embedded within a proteinaceous matrix. With age, a substantial decrease in the density of negative charges took place along the surface area and, in particular, in the context of sialic acid residues. It is, therefore, possible that the reduction in cartilage surface charge might be associated with the onset of osteoarthritic changes commonly seen in aging humans and experimental animals.
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PMID:Cartilage surface charge. A possible determinant in aging and osteoarthritic processes. 298 74

Sulphated materials were tested for in the eyes of late gestational and postnatal normal mice and mice with the aphakia mutation using Spicer's high iron diamine staining method. Qualitative identification of these materials was attempted with bovine testicular hyaluronidase and nitrous acid digestion methods. The grossly abnormal morphology of the aphakia lens made it necessary to confirm identification of lens-derived tissue by testing for lens crystallins using standard immunohistological methods. As seen in normal mouse lens maturation, accumulated inter- and intracellular sulphated materials were observed in aphakia lens tissue from just before birth through juvenile maturation. Large cyst-like structures consisting of lens-derived tissue were commonly seen in the eyes of young postnatal mutant mice. Sulphated materials formed basal lamina-like structures on many of these lens-derived units, but a well-defined lens capsule never formed. Abnormal fibrillar structures rich in sulphated materials were seen in the intraocular cavity in many older mutant specimens, most of which were largely resistant to both digestion methods. These results indicate that the potential to elaborate sulphated materials qualitatively similar to those seen in normal mouse lens maturation is present in the aphakia mutant, although the mode of accumulation is grossly disturbed.
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PMID:Abnormal accumulation of sulphated materials in lens tissue of mice with the aphakia mutation. 352 97

Seventeen mesotheliomas from 395 untreated male Fischer 344/DuCrj rats were studied by light and electron microscopy to define the morphological characteristics of the tumors. In 16 out of 17 rats, mesotheliomas were observed in the abdominal and/or scrotal sac, and the other one was localized on the pleura. Grossly, tumors were yellow-brown with various-sized multiple modules growing irregularly over the surface of the serosa. Microscopically, they varied from complex papillary to sessile nodular growths. Tumor cells were cuboidal to polygonal with round to oval nuclei, and were sometimes arranged in tubule-like structures. Occasionally, the cells contained Mowry's colloidal iron positive materials, which were negative following prior incubation with hyaluronidase. Furthermore, intracellular keratins were detected using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Ultrastructural features of tumor cells included numerous microvilli, a basement membrane, junctional complexes, abundant cytofilaments, dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The morphological characteristics of these tumors in Fischer 344 rats were consistent with those in humans and with experimentally induced counterparts in rats. The histogenesis of these tumors and the variability in their incidence following oral administration of chemical carcinogens is discussed.
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PMID:Spontaneous mesotheliomas in Fischer rats--a histological and electron microscopic study. 361

Inspite of its non-inclusion in the prescribed list of food colors, orange II is extensively employed to color a variety of foodstuffs. Oral LD50 value of orange II in both male and female rats was calculated to be more than 10.56 g/kg body weight. In short-term studies, animals were exposed to diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.5 or 3.0% (w/w) of orange II, daily for 90 days. Hematological examination revealed a slight decrease in erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content, whereas leucocyte count, PCV, ESR, MCV, MCH and MCHC showed normal values. There was no change in the activities of LDH, GOT, GPT, alkaline/acid phosphatases and bioconstituents, lactic acid, cholesterol and protein in serum as well as in liver, indicating normal functioning of the liver. Histopathological examination of various body organs such as liver, heart, lung, kidney, testes, adrenal, stomach, large and small intestine presented normal appearance. Animals receiving 3.0% orange II showed marked splenomegaly and deposition of Perl's positive iron pigments. Testicular LDH, hyaluronidase and lactic acid did not reveal any deviation from controls, suggesting normal spermatogenic process. No changes in testicular cholesterol, fructose content of coagulating glands and dorso-lateral prostate, and activities of alkaline phosphatase in seminal vesicle and acid phosphatase in ventral prostate support normal androgenic status.
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PMID:Acute and short-term toxicity studies on orange II. 362 8


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