Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Synovial sarcoma of the pleural cavity is exceptionally rare and may be confused, both clinically and histologically, with malignant mesothelioma, with subsequent inappropriate therapy. To address this dilemma, four biphasic synovial sarcomas (BSSs) and four biphasic malignant mesotheliomas (BMMs) were studied with a panel of mucin and immunohistochemical stains to determine if they would allow one to distinguish between the two. The BMMs were all pleural-based. The BSSs were extrapleural. The mucin and immunohistochemical stains were all performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue using standard techniques, with appropriate positive and negative controls. Mucin present in BSS is, in general, mucicarmine-positive and resistant to both hyaluronidase and diastase. Of the immune markers evaluated, only calretinin, Ber-Ep4 and bcl-2 were of limited discriminatory value. Subsets of cytokeratins, CEA and CD 34 were not helpful. With the exception of bcl-2, the apoptotic markers p53, bax and cpp32 (caspase) also were not useful. However, when the apoptotic stains were viewed collectively, variations in expression between the two tumours raised the possibility that alterations in apoptotic activity might be responsible for their pathogenesis and behavior. The diagnosis of BSS or BMM of the pleural should be made only after total consideration of clinical, radiological, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings. Although mucin stains are useful in differential diagnosis, reliance solely on immunohistochemical markers, with the possible exception of calretinin, Ber-Ep4 and bcl-2, is not dependable. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of these tumours needs to be explored with a much larger series.
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PMID:Synovial sarcoma and malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: review, differential diagnosis and possible role of apoptosis. 1135 44

This study investigates the effects of aestivation on body water content, body mass, acid mucopolysaccharide (AMPS) and some of its degrading enzymes in different tissues for some Australian desert frogs. The AMPS component of the liver, kidney, skin and cocoon alter during aestivation to help retain water, which is unchanged in most tissues of all frog species, and to protect the frogs from desiccation during extended periods of aestivation. Hepatic AMPS was unaltered in Cyclorana maini, C. platycephala and Neobatrachus sutor but increased significantly after 2 months of aestivation in C. australis. The level of AMPS in the kidney was elevated in all four frog species after 5 months of aestivation. Skin AMPS content in the skin of awake frogs decreases with aestivation period and increases in the cocoon. AMPS in the cocoon probably works as a cement between the cocoons' layers and its physical presence presumably contributes to preventing water flux. Changes in AMPS content in different tissues were accompanied by significant changes in both hyaluronidase and beta-glucuronidase activities, which play an important role in AMPS metabolism. Alcian blue staining of control and digested skin of C. australis and C. platycephala with testicular hyaluronidase indicated the presence of AMPS, concentrated in a thin layer (called ground substance, GS) located between stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum, and acid mucin concentrated in the mucous glands and in a 'tubular' structure which could be observed in the epidermal layer. Hyaluronidase digestion of the cocoon slightly changed the Alcian Blue colour, suggesting the presence of a large amount of acid mucin similar to that found in the skin mucous gland. The results of this study present data for the redistribution of AMPS, which may help in reducing water loss across the cocoon and reabsorption of water in the kidney during aestivation.
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PMID:Water content, body weight and acid mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronidase and beta-glucuronidase in response to aestivation in Australian desert frogs. 1189 99

The current classification system of renal tumors is based on morphologic criteria, as supported by genetic findings. We present a group of previously unclassified tumors with similar morphologic and genetic features, suggesting a new entity within renal neoplasms. Seven renal tumors from five patients (ages 31-67 years) were analyzed. All cases were stained with periodic acid-Schiff, Hale's colloidal iron (HCI), and Alcian blue (AB) at pH 2.5/1.0 with and without hyaluronidase (HA) digestion. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were performed for CK8, CK18, CK19, vimentin, villin, Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), renal cell carcinoma marker (RCC), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA-1), soy bean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and MIB-1. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies were performed on all cases. All tumors showed circumscribed growth, a tubular growth pattern with focal solid areas, no significant nuclear atypia and absence of necrosis, desmoplasia, or inflammation. Abundant extracellular mucin was present. Immunohistochemistry stains support collecting duct origin (EMA+, PNA+, SBA+/-, CK 8/18/19+, vimentin+/-, UEA-1-, RCC-, villin-, THP-). The proliferative rate was low (<1%). CGH showed multiple consistent chromosomal losses (-1,-4, -6, -8, -9, -13, -14, -15, -22). Clinical outcome was favorable, with recurrences but no known distant metastases or death of disease. These findings are distinct from all previously classified renal neoplasms. Our data suggest the presence of a unique tumor entity within tumors of probable collecting duct origin: tubular-mucinous renal tumors of low malignant potential.
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PMID:Low-grade tubular-mucinous renal neoplasms: morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features. 1242 95

We report a localized malignant mesothelioma of the epithelial type, occurring as a primary hepatic neoplasm in a 64-year-old male. He was found to have a mass located in the right lobe of the liver. Surgery was carried out with resection of the mass from the right hepatic lobe, with partial resection of the diaphragm. Grossly, an ill-defined tumor was present in the hepatic parenchyma. Histologically, the tumor displayed a predominant tubular pattern of growth with a desmoplastic stroma. The tubules were lined by a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cells with pleomorphic vesicular nuclei. A hyaluronidase-digestible, mucin-like substance was demonstrated in the lumen and tumor cytoplasm. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for calretinin, HBME-1, cytokeratin, i.e. AE1/AE3 and CAM 5.2, but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, CD 34 and Leu M1. Moreover, the tumor cells showed nuclear accumulation of the p53 oncopotein and reacted frequently with Ki-67 antibody. These findings support the concept that malignant mesothelioma of the epithelial type may occur at extrapleural sites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of localized malignant primary mesothelioma arising in the liver.
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PMID:Localized malignant mesothelioma of the epithelial type occurring as a primary hepatic neoplasm: a case report with review of the literature. 1258 19

An 8-year-old male Rottweiler was presented for recurrent episodes of dysphagia and vomiting with chronic weight loss. Radiography revealed a mediastinal mass in the heart base region. Necropsy revealed a firm, white mediastinal mass extending along the distal esophagus, through the diaphragm, to the gastric cardia, leftward to the convex visceral aspect of the fundus, and rightward along the lesser curvature of the stomach to the pyloric antrum. The gastric lymph node was enlarged and the omentum contained several nodules. Histologically, deep fundic mucosa contained pleomorphic, vacuolated cells with intracytoplasmic mucin, which was hyaluronidase resistant. Neoplastic cells were cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative. Transmural invasion was evidenced by the presence of cytokeratin-positive cells between smooth muscle bundles of the gastric wall. The mediastinal mass was composed of clusters of neoplastic cells in a stroma of dense and loose connective tissue. Neoplastic cells were also within blood and lymphatic vessels, tracheobronchial and gastric lymph nodes, and around peripheral nerves. This carcinoma most likely arose from the gastric fundus and extended to the cardia, from where it advanced proximally to the mediastinum as well as further rightward along the lesser curvature, demonstrating an anatomic continuity suggestive of a direct invasion. Metastasis, evidenced by the presence of lymphatic, blood, and perineural tumor emboli, also occurred.
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PMID:Scirrhous gastric carcinoma with mediastinal invasion in a dog. 1268 Jun 48

The relation between adherence of Escherichia coli and expression of mucin-1 (Muc1: an integral membrane mucin) mRNA in the endometrium was studied in beagle bitches at different stages of the oestrous cycle and in those with cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex (pyometra). The number of E. coli adhering to the endometrium was low at pro-oestrus and oestrus and increased at the early stage (day 10) of dioestrus, corresponding to the implantation period; it declined thereafter. Adhesion of the organisms to endometrial epithelial cells collected at day 10 of dioestrus was inhibited by the addition of D-mannose. When endometrial epithelial cells collected at pro-oestrus were treated with hyaluronidase, an enzyme that digests mucins, the numbers of E. coli adhering to the cells tended to increase. With polymerase chain reaction analysis it was possible to detect Muc1 gene transcripts in the endometrium at all stages of the oestrous cycle, although the level of Muc1 mRNA decreased by day 10 of dioestrus. The levels of Muc1 mRNA in bitches with a clinical stage of pyometra were low and comparable to those at day 10 of dioestrus. The number of E. coli adhering to the endometrium and Muc1 mRNA levels in the endometrium were inversely correlated (r=-0.77, P<0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis showed little staining for Muc1 in the endometrial epithelia at day 10 of dioestrus and in bitches with pyometra. These results suggest that reduction of Muc1 expression is associated with increased E. coli adherence in the canine uterus at the early stage of dioestrus, possibly facilitating the development of pyometra.
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PMID:Reduction of mucin-1 gene expression associated with increased Escherichia coli adherence in the canine uterus in the early stage of dioestrus. 1641 13

Diffusion-weighted (Dw) imaging has for a number of years been a diagnostic tool in the field of neuroradiology, yet only since the end of the 1990s, with the introduction of echoplanar imaging (EPI) and the use of sequences capable of performing diffusion studies during a single breath hold, has it found diagnostic applications at the level of the abdomen. The inherent sensitivity to motion and the magnetic susceptibility of Dw sequences nonetheless still create problems in the study of the abdomen due to artefacts caused by the heartbeat and intestinal peristalsis, as well as the presence of various parenchymal-gas interfaces. With regard to focal liver lesions, a review of the literature reveals that Dw imaging is able to differentiate lesions with high water content (cysts and angiomas) from solid lesions. With regard to the latter, although there are differences between benign forms [focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), adenoma] and malignant forms [metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] in their apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the average values for histological type, there is a significant overlap in values when lesions are assessed individually, with the consequent problem of their correct identification. One promising aspect is the possibility of quantifying the degree of fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis given that the deposit of collagen fibres "restricts" the motion of water molecules and therefore reduces ADC values. However, even in this field, studies can only be considered preliminary and far from real clinical applications. The retroperitoneum is less affected by motion artefacts and similarly deserves the attention of Dw imaging. Here it is possible to differentiate mucin-producing tumours of the pancreas from pseudocystic forms on the basis of ADC values even though the limited spatial resolution of Dw imaging does not enable the identification of small lesions. Dw imaging may be applied to the study of the kidney to differentiate hydronephrosis from pyonephrosis and with regard to tumours, solid from pseudocystic forms. In addition, given that renal parenchyma has significantly variable ADC values on the basis of the anatomic section and physiological conditions, the possibility of assessing functional alterations is currently being studied. Indeed, a good correlation has been found between ADC values and glomerular filtration rate. With regard to musculoskeletal applications, the absence of motion artefacts in the regions studied has enabled the development of sequences less sensitive to magnetic susceptibility and with greater spatial resolution than EPI. Attempts have therefore been made to use Dw imaging in the characterization of soft-tissue tumours although the findings so far have been disputed. Greater agreement has been found regarding sensitivity of the technique in assessing response of these tumours to chemotherapy: tumour necrosis is thought to increase ADC whereas the persistence of vital neoplastic tissue tends to lower it. One of the most promising applications of Dw imaging is without doubt the assessment of vertebral collapse where a high ADC has been shown to be associated with an osteoporotic cause and a low ADC with a neoplastic cause. Nonetheless, even here, a moderate overlap between ADC values of the two types has been encountered. Dw imaging has also been used in the assessment of bone marrow cellularity: areas of tightly packed cells show a higher ADC value than hypocellular areas. In particular, no significant difference in ADC is noted between normal hypercellular bone marrow and hypercellular bone marrow secondary to lymphomatous infiltration whereas this difference is significant between hypocellular, normocellular and haematopoietic hypercellular bone marrow. With regard to the study of joints, the limited structure dimensions, particularly cartilage, creates technical difficulties related to spatial resolution and an adequate signal-to-noise ratio, problems that can only be solved by further technological developments. Lastly, a significant difference in ADC values between degenerative and inflammatory effusion has been found, a fact that may be explained as the result of the activity of hyaluronidase present in inflammatory forms, which causes a reduction in the concentration of hyaluronic acid with a consequent decrease in viscosity.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging: extraneurological applications. 1668 86

Myxoid mesenchymal lesions of the uterus are generally restricted to tumors, but non-neoplastic myxoid mesenchymal lesions of the uterus have not received much attention in the literature. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of 2 patients with lupus erythematosus (ages 43 and 52 yr, respectively) in whom myometrial myxoidosis produced a markedly enlarged uterus with myometrial thickening ("secondary myometrial hypertrophy"). Both patients underwent a hysterectomy for presumed leiomyomas, and intraoperatively an enlarged uterus was noted. On gross examination, the uteri measured 13.5 x 13.5 x 11.5 cm and 14.5 x 11.5 x 9.5 cm, respectively. The significantly thickened myometrium was due to marked expansion of the interstitial compartment of the myometrium, in which non-neoplastic smooth muscle fascicles were widely separated by abundant extracellular mucin producing a striking myxoid appearance ("myxoidosis"). These histologic findings are akin to the pattern of dermal mucin deposition seen in lupus erythematosus. The lesion in each case diffusely involved the entire myometrium. Histochemical stains were performed and showed the following results: mucicarmine-diffusely but weakly positive; periodic acid-schiff (PAS)-negative; colloidal iron-diffuse positive; alcian blue, pH 2.5 (without hyaluronidase digestion)-diffuse positive, and alcian blue, pH 2.5 (with hyaluronidase digestion)-negative. These histochemical findings are consistent with hyaluronic acid. Follow-up in 1 case was not available. In the other case, the patient presented to clinical attention 5 weeks after surgery because of ascites, which after an extensive clinical evaluation was interpreted as being of unknown etiology. To the best of our knowledge, this rare and unusual non-neoplastic myometrial lesion has not been previously described. Pathologists should be aware of its existence because of the distinctive appearance and as it may prompt consideration of various myxoid neoplasms of the uterus in the differential diagnosis. Patients with myometrial myxoidosis should be evaluated for lupus erythematosus.
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PMID:Myometrial myxoidosis: a report of 2 cases of a distinctive type of secondary myometrial hypertrophy in patients with lupus erythematosus. 1918 17

An 80-year-old woman presented with a 3 mm pearly, translucent papule in her left upper cutaneous lip of 2 months duration which was biopsied to rule out basal cell carcinoma. Histopathologic examination revealed acellular, basophilic material in the superficial dermis, extending to the base of the biopsy. There was neither an epithelial component nor an inflammatory reaction associated with it. The amorphous, nonpolarizable material stained with Alcian Blue (pH 2.5) and with colloidal iron, but was negative with a Periodic acid-Schiff stain, indicative of an acidic mucin, such as weakly sulfated mucin of salivary gland origin or a dermal-origin mucin. The material was digested with hyaluronidase, consistent with the mesenchymal-origin mucin hyaluronic acid (HA). Additional clinical history was obtained; the patient had previous HA (Restylane) injections at another institution. We report a case of superficially applied HA and consider the histopathologic differential diagnosis of endogenous and injected mucin in the dermis.
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PMID:Amorphous basophilic deposit in the superficial dermis of the lip in an 80 year old. 2011 Jul 96

We report a case of an atypical astrocytic tumor rich in signet ring cells with cytoplasmic mucin and glycogen in the left lower temporal lobe of the brain found in a Japanese female tricenarian. The signet ring cell cytoplasm contained bovine testicular hyaluronidase sensitive non-epithelial mucin together with CD44 and laminin. Glycogen was also detected. After subtotal resection, the residual tumor rapidly enlarged; hence, it was finally extirpated 8 months later followed by post-surgical irradiation. The recurrent tumor did not have signet ring cells and was entirely comprised of solid nests of large pale polygonal cells filled with glycogen and hyperchromatic nuclei. Mucin was not demonstrated in their cytoplasm, but their surface was diffusely coated with non-epithelial mucin together with CD44. The results of our analysis revealed that non-epithelial mucin could accumulate in or on the surface of neoplastic astrocytes in close association with CD44, findings that give new insights into the spectrum of non-epithelial mucin metabolism in astrocytic tumors. The tumor has not recurred for more than 3 years after the irradiation therapy following the second surgery, but further clinical observation is needed to evaluate the exact clinical behavior of this unusual tumor.
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PMID:Cytoplasmic non-epithelial mucin accumulation associated with CD44 in an astrocytic tumor with signet ring features. 2369 67


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