Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Proteoglycans extracted with 4M-guanidinium chloride from pig laryngeal cartilage and bovine nasal septum were purified by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl under 'associative' followed by 'dissociative' conditions [Hascall & Sajdera (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2384-2396]. Proteoglycans were then digested exhaustively with testicular hyaluronidase, which removed about 80% of the chondroitin sulphate. The hyaluronidase was purified until no proteolytic activity was detectable under the conditions used for digestion. The resulting 'core' proteins of both species were fractionated by a sequence of gel-chromatographic procedures which gave four major fractions of decreasing hydrodynamic size. Those that on electrophoresis penetrated 5.6% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels migrated as discrete bands whose mobility increased with decreasing hydrodynamic size. The unfractionated 'core' proteins had the same N-terminal amino acids as the intact proteoglycan, suggesting that no peptide bonds had been cleaved during hyaluronidase digestion. Alanine predominated as the N-terminal residue in all the fractions of both species. Fractions were analysed for amino acid, amino sugar, uronic acid and neutral sugar compositions. In pig 'core' proteins, the glutamic acid content increased significantly with hydrodynamic size, but in bovine 'core' proteins this trend was less marked. Significant differences in amino acid composition between fractions suggested that in each species there was more than one variety of proteoglycan. The molar proportions of xylose to serine destroyed on alkaline beta-elimination were equivalent in most fractions, indicating that the serine residues destroyed were attached to the terminal xylose of chondroitin sulphate chains. The ratio of serine residues to threonine residues destroyed on beta-elimination, was similar in all fractions of both species. Since the fractions of smallest hydrodynamic size contained less keratan sulphate than those of larger size, it implies that in the former the keratan sulphate chains were shorter than in the latter.
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PMID:The nature of the protein moieties of cartilage proteoglycans of pig and ox. 12 55

During the first 10 days after peripheral deafferentation of the mouse olfactory bulb stereoselective binding of L-[3H]carnosine declines markedly. The initial phase of this decline is due to a decrease in binding site stereoselectivity, which is then followed by a loss of assayable binding sites. The specificity of inhibition of L-[3H]carnosine binding by various peptides is also altered after denervation. Competitive inhibitors of carnosine binding become less potent after denervation, while analogues which are not competitive inhibitors remain equipotent before and after denervation. Several carnosine analogues that are normally poor inhibitors become more potent after denervation. Treatment of bulb membranes with trypsin, RNase and hyaluronidase, but not DNase or collagenase, resulted in significant alterations in carnosine binding. L-, but not D-carnosine, protected the binding site from trypsin digestion, and induced additional binding in bulb membranes in a dose-and temperature-dependent fashion. Preincubation of membranes with L-carnosine also led to the induction of additional carnosine binding in membranes from cerebral cortex, cerebellum and deafferentated bulbs but not from muscle. Bulbs from newborn mice contain about one-half of the adult levels of binding and no significant sex differences in carnosine binding were detected in bulbs from adult rats. L-[3H]carnosine binding was two-fold higher in the anterior compared to the posterior portion of the bulb, but there were no significant differences in binding of opiate, GABA, alpha-adrenergic, muscarinic cholinergic, benzodiazepine of glutamic acid receptor ligands.
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PMID:L-[3H]Carnosine binding in the olfactory bulb. II. Biochemical and biological studies. 48 25

Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma. The compound had a hexuronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. The compound moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Even after extensive proteolysis and purification, the compound was associated with small amounts of protein, the major amino acids of which were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and valine.
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PMID:Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma. 69 36

Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The compound gave a hexouronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with hyaluronidase. It was associated with small amounts of proteins, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine.
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PMID:Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. 73 82

The venom of the tarantula Eurypelma californicum was analysed biochemically, the components were isolated and characterized. The pH value of the crude venom is 5.3 +/- 0.3. After dilution with distilled water, UV-absorption spectra showed a single maximum at 258 nm (pH ca. 7.0). A second maximum at 328 nm emerged above pH 8.0. Protein concentration of the venom is ca. 65 mg/ml. After Coomassie staining SDS-PAGE patterns show three major bands with apparent molecular masses around 40 kDa, 4.3 kDa and 1.3 kDa besides some weak high molecular protein bands. The following low-molecular mass constituents were determined in the crude venom: ATP, ADP, AMP, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glucose and the ions potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride; the osmolality was 361 micro0smol/ml. The LD50 value for female cockroaches was 0.15 microliters venom per g body weight and for male cockroaches 0.4 microliters venom per g body weight. Separation of the crude venom by gel chromatography yielded four elution peaks. Peak I contains the enzyme hyaluronidase. The activity is 200-900 U/microliters. Peak II contains a mixture of toxic peptides. Peak III contains the 1.3-kDa components of SDS-PAGE and peak IV mainly contains ATP. Venom proteins including the enzyme hyaluronidase were precipitated by 5% trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant was separated by HPLC into 13 fractions. Fraction 1 contains glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and ATP; fraction 2 contains ATP, ADP and AMP as well as a component 2' visible in SDS-PAGE as 1.3-kDa band and consisting of spermine and tryptophan; fraction 3 contains ATP and an unknown component 3'; fractions 4-6 also show a 1.3-kDa band in SDS-PAGE, fraction 4 being tyrosylspermine and fractions 5 and 6 containing compounds of spermine and aromatic molecules; fraction 7 contains a peptide which lacks aromatic amino acids, it was sequenced from the N-terminus; fractions 8-13 contain very similar toxic peptides. The peptides in fractions 11 and 12, labeled ESTX for Eurypelma spider toxin, were cleaved with different enzymes and sequenced. They differ in one amino acid in position 26. Homologies with scorpion toxins and with a toxin of the spider Segestria florentina were found.
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PMID:Tarantula (Eurypelma californicum) venom, a multicomponent system. 274 56

The venom of the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum, is used for prey capture, defense and social communication. The venom is predominantly proteinaceous in nature and contains various free amino acids, predominantly aspartic and glutamic acid, as well as histamine. The activities of the enzymes phospholipase and hyaluronidase, which are believed to be present in all hymenopteran venoms could not be detected. The composition of Tetramorium caespitum venom is compared with other myrmicine venoms.
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PMID:The biochemical composition of venom from the pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum L.). 281 8

Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in detectable amounts in the pulmonary secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. The compound gave a hexuronate/hexosamines molar ratio of approximately 1. Glucosamine represented over 98% of the total hexosamines, the remainder being galactosamine. No hexoses or sulfate could be detected. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis and this spot disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. It was associated with trace amounts of protein, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine.
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PMID:Hyaluronic acid. An indicator of pathological conditions of human lungs? 739 Jun 11

Venom from the ant, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus, contains 12 proteins with mol. wts of > 100,000-4200, and they constitute 41.5% of the dry weight. In comparison with published data on ant, wasp, and bee venoms, whole venom has intense phospholipase activity and intermediate hemolytic activity. Four major proteins were isolated and purified by low pressure chromatography. The most abundant protein had a mol. wt of 4200 and weak hemolytic activity. The second most common protein was 20,400 and had phospholipase A2 activity. The other two major proteins had mol. wts of 24,500 and 14,100 and both exhibited phospholipase and direct hemolytic activities. There are eight minor proteins (> 100,000-40,000), each present at about 1% or less of the total protein. Assayed as a mixture, they had hyaluronidase activity. Seventeen free amino acids were detected with aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline together making up 72% of the total mass of amino acids. Glycerol was present at a concentration of 3.1% of the dry weight and the venom was devoid of lipids.
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PMID:Partial biochemical characterization of venom from the ant, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus. 794 May 84

A human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa) has been shown to incorporate [3H]glucosamine and to secrete a radiolabeled high molecular weight compound which is excluded from a Sepharose CL-2B column. The excluded material was resistant to hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and heparinase. These findings rule out the possibility of this material being a proteoglycan. The susceptibility of this material to digestion with pronase, neuraminidase, and alkaline borohydride treatment strongly suggests that the excluded material is an O-glycosidic glycoprotein. The glycoprotein secreted by Ishikawa cells (ICGP) did not react immunologically with antibodies against either lactoferrin or fibronectin, but did react with an antibody made against tracheal mucin. Conversely, immunoblot analysis revealed that an antibody made against ICGP did not recognize hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, heparin, nasal turbinate mucin, bovine submaxillary gland mucin, lactoferrin, or fibronectin, but did recognize tracheal mucin. Analysis of ICGP amino acid and carbohydrate composition showed that it is rich in serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. In this respect, ICGP differs from other mucins, even though it is immunologically similar to respiratory mucin; hence we may consider ICGP to be a mucin-like glycoprotein. Secretion of ICGP can be modulated by Ca(2+)-ionophore and other mucus secretagogues, such as platelet activating factor, carbachol, and monocyte/macrophage mucus secretagogue, all mediators of lung inflammation. Ishikawa cells and anti-ICGP antibody may be used in studies on in vitro regulation of mucin-like glycoprotein synthesis and secretion in the respiratory tract as well as in the endometrium.
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PMID:Characterization of a unique mucin-like glycoprotein secreted by a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa). 818 54

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) suppresses the growth of mink lung Mv1Lu epithelial cells, whereas testicular hyaluronidase abolishes the growth inhibition. Exposure of Mv1Lu cells to TGF-beta1 rapidly resulted in down-regulation of cytosolic IkappaBalpha and hyaluronidase prevented this effect, suggesting a possible role of IkappaBalpha in the growth regulation. Ectopic expression of wild-type and dominant negative IkappaBalpha prevented TGF-beta1-mediated growth suppression. Nonetheless, the blocking effect of IkappaBalpha is not related to regulation of NF-kappaB function by its N-terminal ankyrin-repeat region (amino acids 1-243). Removal of the PEST (proline-glutamic acid-serine-threonine) domain-containing C terminus (amino acids 244-314) abolished the IkappaBalpha function, and the C terminus alone blocked the TGF-beta1 growth-inhibitory effect. Co-immunoprecipitation by anti-p53 antibody using Mv1Lu and other types of cells, as well as rat liver and spleen, revealed that a portion of cytosolic IkappaBalpha physically interacted with p53. In contrast, Mdm2, an inhibitor of p53, was barely detectable in the immunoprecipitates. The cytosolic p53 x IkappaBalpha complex rapidly dissociated in response to apoptotic stress, etoposide- and UV-mediated DNA damage, hypoxia, and TGF-beta1-mediated growth suppression. Also, a rapid increase in the formation of the nuclear p53 x IkappaBalpha complex was observed during exposure to etoposide and UV. In contrast, TGF-beta1-mediated promotion of fibroblast growth failed to mediate p53 x IkappaBalpha dissociation. Mapping by yeast two-hybrid showed that the non-ankyrin C terminus of IkappaBalpha physically interacted with the proline-rich region and a phosphorylation site, serine 46, in p53. Deletion of serine 46 or alteration of serine 46 to glycine abolished the p53 x IkappaBalpha interaction. Alteration to threonine retained the binding interaction, suggesting that serine 46 phosphorylation is involved in the p53 x IkappaBalpha complex formation. Functionally, enhancement of p53 apoptosis was observed when p53 and IkappaBalpha were transiently co-expressed in cells. Together, the IkappaBalpha x p53 complex plays an important role in responses involving growth regulation, apoptosis, and hypoxic stress.
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PMID:The non-ankyrin C terminus of Ikappa Balpha physically interacts with p53 in vivo and dissociates in response to apoptotic stress, hypoxia, DNA damage, and transforming growth factor-beta 1-mediated growth suppression. 1179 6


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