Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cultures of normal human tracheal gland epithelial cells that exhibit functional differentiation have been propagated in serum-free medium supplemented with insulin (5 micrograms/ml), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml), hydrocortisone (0.5 micrograms/ml), and bovine pituitary extract (25 micrograms/ml). The cells retain many characteristics of epithelial cells including microvilli on cell surfaces, desmosomes between cells, and tonofilaments in the cytoplasm. In addition, they exhibit keratin-positive titers and react positively with Peanut agglutinin, which is specific for the disaccharide beta-D-galactose-(1----3)N-acetyl D-galactosamine, a major component of mucin glycoprotein. The cells also exhibit normal Cl- channel activity which was enhanced by the cAMP agonist Forskolin. The major component of the cellular secretion was hyaluronic acid; approximately 10% of the void volume material was resistant to hyaluronidase and may contain material similar to mucin glycoprotein. Some of the cell cultures have been maintained in serum-free conditions for 6 to 7 passages. This model will be important to study regulation of ion-channel activities and mucous glycoprotein secretion and to compare such regulations with the tracheal mucosal epithelial cells already established.
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PMID:Characterization of epithelial cell cultures derived from human tracheal glands. 170 7

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relative utility of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains in diagnosing malignant mesothelioma of the thorax. We performed a battery of histochemical stains, including periodic acid Schiff (PAS) with and without diastase, mucicarmine, colloidal iron (Coll Fe) with and without hyaluronidase, and immunohistochemical stains for keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on 12 pleural mesothelioma specimens obtained from 11 patients, five primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and one metastatic adenocarcinoma each to pleura and pericardium. All diagnoses were established by autopsy or thorough clinical and surgical evaluation. The diagnosis of mesothelioma was established following rigid anatomic criteria. All tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Commercially available reagents and antisera were used in all cases. Results showed a high rate of positivity for keratin and hyaluronidase-sensitive Coll Fe in the mesotheliomas while adenocarcinomas were uniformly positive for CEA and keratin and generally positive for PAS-D (diastase) and mucicarmine. Mesotheliomas were negative for CEA, mucin, and PAS-D. Positive keratin staining was also seen in the spindle cell components of mesotheliomas. Immunohistochemical stains often added significantly to our ability to establish the diagnosis of mesothelioma with confidence, since they were more frequently and more clearly positive than histochemical stains.
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PMID:Diagnostic histochemical and immunohistochemical studies in malignant mesothelioma. 243 7

A mesothelial, endothelial and epithelial differentiation of the adenomatoid tumors is discussed in the literature. Aimed at this problem the cellular nature of 12 adenomatoid tumors was investigated by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods at light and electron microscopic level. In all these neoplasias prekeratin was demonstrated while factor VIII-associated antigen and myoglobin were lacking within the tumor cells. The ultrastructural picture of the tumor cells was similar to that of mesothelial cells; abundant intermediate filaments of the keratin type could be decorated by means of the protein A-gold technique in them. Furthermore hyaluronidase sensitive glycosaminoglycans but no sulfated and neutral mucoproteins were found. The results suggest a mesothelial nature of the tumor cells of adenomatoid tumors.
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PMID:Adenomatoid tumors--mesotheliomas or not? A histochemical, immunohistochemical and light and electron microscopic (TEM/SEM) study. 243 54

In order to clarify the biological characteristics of rat mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz-[a]-anthracene (DMBA), histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were performed. Two types of luminal spaces were observed within the tumor. In one type, the lumen was surrounded by eosinophilic columnar cells which were strongly reactive for soybean agglutinin (SBA) but weakly stained with keratin antibodies. In the luminal spaces, substances positive for PAS, dialyzed iron ferrocyanide or alcian blue and resistant to mucopolysaccharidase were occasionally observed. Ultrastructurally, the luminal surface was characterized by the presence of microvilli and tight junctions. In the other type, the lumen was often found in highly cellular foci and surrounded by pale, polygonal or elongated cells which were weakly stained with keratin antibodies but not SBA. The luminal spaces presented a peculiar structure filled mainly with mucoid substances sensitive to hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and heparitinase, and the inner surface of the spaces was surrounded by basement membrane components: laminin, fibronectin and type IV collagen. The results of the present study therefore showed that DMBA-induced mammary tumor consists, partly, of a structure resembling human adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. 245 33

Complete antigen visualization in the context of well-preserved tissue architecture is the goal of all immunohistochemical techniques. Frozen tissue section techniques achieve optimal antigen visualization but preserve tissue architecture poorly. On the other hand, formalin-fixed tissue section techniques preserve tissue architecture very well but result in antigen masking. Enzymatic digestion or salt extraction of formalin-fixed sections has been used to reestablish antigen expression. Recently acid-alcohol-fixed tissue has been used as a successful compromise between tissue architecture preservation and the visualization of cytoskeletal antigens. In an attempt to find an improved immunohistochemical process for non-cytoskeletal antigens, we compared avidin-biotin immunofluorescence staining in frozen, formalin-fixed, and acid-alcohol-fixed tissues. The fixed tissues were either untreated or treated with enzyme digestion or salt extraction. For this study, we examined healing cutaneous wounds in Yorkshire pigs with antibodies to fibronectin, laminin, von Willebrand factor VIII, and keratin. Although tissue architecture was poor, frozen sections provided the best antigen visualization and were therefore used as the standard for complete antigen expression. Formalin-fixed tissues had excellent tissue architecture, but most antigens were completely masked. Pre-treatment technique only partially overcame the antigen masking caused by formalin. In contrast, acid-alcohol fixation preserved tissue architecture almost as well as formalin and sometimes allowed complete antigen visualization; however, laminin and fibronectin were partially masked. Total recovery of the expression of these antigens could be obtained by pre-treating the acid-alcohol-fixed tissue with either hyaluronidase or 1 M NaCl. Therefore, acid-alcohol-fixed tissue appears best for extracellular matrix (ECM) protein immunostaining as well as for cytoskeletal staining. However, certain ECM antigens require hyaluronidase or 1 M NaCl treatment for optimal visualization.
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PMID:Optimization of immunohistochemical techniques to detect extracellular matrix proteins in fixed skin specimens. 246 79

It appears that hyaluronate is associated with cell migration and the chondroitin sulphates with differentiation during morphogenesis of the chick embryo. The aim of this study was to see if such a correlation could be made for chondrocranium morphogenesis. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of extracellular matrix (ECM) to cell area and total head mesenchymal area during chondrocranium morphogenesis; and to identify the location, types, and relative amounts of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) being synthesized in the presumptive chondrocranium at the onset of chondrogenesis and prior to this time. Morphometric analyses were made on median and parasagittal sections of heads of stage-24 and -33 embryos in order to determine relative contributions of cells and ECM to the total area of head mesenchyme at these stages. Presumptive chondrocrania (heads minus eyes) of these stage embryos were also analysed histochemically and biochemically in order to identify the GAGs present in the ECM. Sections of whole heads were stained with alcian blue at low and high pH as well as digested prior to staining with hyaluronidase (Streptomyces and testicular). Identification of GAGs was done by pulse labelling embryos with [3H]glucosamine, digesting homogenates with hyaluronidase (Streptomyces or testicular), precipitating the undigested GAGs with cetylpyridinium chloride and counting the dissolved precipitates using scintillation spectrophotometry. The types and relative amounts of GAGs present in the presumptive chondrocranium were determined by comparing the amount of radioactivity in the precipitates of the non-digested GAG with the counts in the precipitates of the predigested GAGs. This study reports that chondrogenesis begins in the presumptive chondrocranium of the chick embryo at stage 33 and that the area of the head mesenchyme increases 60-fold between stages 24 and 33. Little change in cell density and individual cell area as well as in the relative proportion of total area allocated to cells and ECM occurs. GAGs are localized exclusively in the presumptive chondrocranium. These GAGs are restricted to the ventral half of the presumptive chondrocranium. Within this region, the GAGs are further localized to the presumptive facial area, perichordal region, ethmoid, sphenoid and periotic regions. The types of GAG being synthesized in the head mesenchyme of both stage-24 and -33 embryos are hyaluronate, the chondroitins and unidentified sulphated GAGs (dermatan, keratin, heparin and heparan sulphate).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Identification of glycosaminoglycans in the chondrocranium of the chick embryo before and at the onset of chondrogenesis. 309 Jan 90

Paraffin sections from fifteen cases of malignant diffuse mesothelioma of the pleura and five cases of bronchial adenocarcinoma infiltrating the pleura were examined with an antiserum specific for factor VIII related antigen and with antisera against various epithelial markers: keratin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), fat globule membrane antigen and secretory component. In all adenocarcinomas all the epithelial markers were present whereas the factor VIII related antigen was absent. The distribution of the fat globule membrane antigens, keratin, secretory component and factor VIII related antigen varied from one mesothelioma to another. The mesotheliomas were generally negative for CEA. The three mesotheliomas which were positive for CEA were also positive for alcian blue after hyaluronidase treatment. Amongst the markers used, CEA seems the most useful for the differential diagnosis between carcinoma and mesothelioma. However, the simultaneous detection of several markers allows the characterization of various phenotypes. Some of them are close to the phenotypes of true adenocarcinoma. A relation between a given phenotype and the biological behaviour of the tumour has still to be demonstrated.
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PMID:Immunohistological study of malignant diffuse mesotheliomas of the pleura. 608 69

Frozen sections of newborn rat skin were treated with a variety of buffers, enzymes, and proteinase inhibitors in order to modify the reactivity of antigenic sites of histidine-rich protein and keratin. By indirect immunofluorescence, we found that antiserum to histidine-rich protein purified from granular cells reacted with keratohyalin granules but not cornified cells treated with hyaluronidase. The same antiserum reacted less distinctly with keratohyalin granules treated with neuraminidase; in contrast, it showed strong reactivity in cornified cells after the neuraminidase digestion. However, the enzyme digestions did not unmask the antigenic site(s) of keratohyalin granules to anti-keratin serum, as did saline in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0. These results suggest that the antigenic site of histidine-rich protein is masked in keratohyalin granules by different mechanisms from the masking of keratin. Histindine-rich protein may be masked primarily with hyaluronic acid in keratohyalin granules, but the sugar moiety appears to be changed to sialic acid in cornified cells.
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PMID:Effects of hyaluronidase and neuraminidase on immunoreactivity histidine-rich protein in newborn rat epidermis. 616 81

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans synthesized by human keratinocytes in medium containing D-[1-14C]glucosamine were extracted and analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Extraction of the labelled keratinocytes with 0.5% Triton X-100 removed most of the glycoconjugates and left the cytoskeleton and nuclear residue adherent to the substratum. In addition to the cytoskeletal proteins, there was a relatively simple profile of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans associated with this adherent cytoskeleton. These consisted of eight glycoproteins in the mol.wt. range 99000-232000, five proteins in the keratin region (mol.wt. 42000-61000), hyaluronic acid and a sulphated glycosaminoglycan. Surface labelling of the keratinocytes with galactose oxidase (with or without neuraminidase)/KB3H4 revealed that many of the glycoproteins were exposed on the cell surface. The importance of the glycoproteins and proteoglycans in attaching the keratinocytes to the substratum was examined by studying their expression after incubation in medium containing tunicamycin and their degradation after digestion with trypsin and hyaluronidase. These studies, together with an examination of the glycoconjugates released by sequential extraction with 0.5% Triton X-100 followed by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulphate, revealed that the glycoprotein of mol.wt. 232000 has an important role in mediating the attachment of keratinocytes to the substratum.
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PMID:Glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by human keratinocytes in culture. Their role in cell-substratum adhesion. 619 5

An 18-year-old woman underwent exenteration of the right orbit for tumor recurrence 3 years subsequent to external-beam irradiation for a lacrimal gland tumor diagnosed as an "adenocarcinoma." Light microscopy of the exenteration specimen revealed an acinic cell carcinoma of the lacrimal gland, with a predominant microcystic (latticelike) pattern of growth. Cytoplasmic vacuoles and the secretion within the microcysts stained positive with periodic acid-Schiff with and without alpha-amylase, alcian blue (at a pH of 2.5), mucicarmine, and colloidal iron with and without hyaluronidase. This histochemical staining for epithelial mucins supports the theory that the lacrimal gland, although serous in type, may also function as a modified mucus gland. There was cytoplasmic immunopositivity for keratin (CAM 5.2, KAE 1-3); immunostaining for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was negative. Electron microscopy disclosed undifferentiated features of intercalated duct cells. We speculate that the lack of immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide may be correlated with the predominantly undifferentiated intercalated duct cell features observed ultrastructurally.
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PMID:Acinic cell carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. 754 Mar 87


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