Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

NG2 is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan previously found to be expressed by glial progenitor cells of the O2A lineage. We have examined the expression of NG2 in the developing rat limb by immunohistochemistry and northern blot analysis. Staining of embryonic day 14 (E14) rat limb bud sections with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-NG2 antibodies reveals reactivity in the precartilaginous mesenchymal condensation. The staining intensity increases with the differentiation of chondrocytes until E16. NG2 staining is not detected in the mature hypertrophic chondrocytes of E17 and postnatal day 3 (P3) limbs even after treatment of the sections with hyaluronidase or collagenase. Immuno-precipitations with anti-NG2 antibody using 125I-labeled limb cells in culture showed a 400 to 800 x 10(3) Mr proteoglycan species with a core protein size of 300 x 10(3) Mr, comparable to NG2 from O2A cells and neural cell lines. Northern blot analysis reveals the expression of an 8.9 kb mRNA in E16 limbs and at a lower level in P1 cartilage. The northern blot analyses also show that NG2 is distinct from the large aggregating proteoglycan of the cartilage. Our results indicate that in the developing limb cartilage, as in the differentiating oligodendrocytes, NG2 is present on immature cells in the process of differentiating, but its expression is downregulated as terminal differentiation of chondrocytes takes place.
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PMID:The expression of NG2 proteoglycan in the developing rat limb. 187 62

We detected glomerular anionic sites in fixed, LR Gold-embedded ultra-thin tissue sections using cationic colloidal gold. Manual and computer-assisted quantitation were compared, and the influence of pH and glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes on site expression was examined. Both quantitation methods produced similar results. Alteration of pH within a narrow range (pH 2.5-3.0) markedly affected the staining pattern. At pH 2.5, epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx and regular sites restricted to the lamina rara externa were stained. At pH 3.0 and above, glycocalyx was unstained but intracellular and nuclear staining was present; glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial matrix sites were abundant. After chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase digestion, GBM staining was eliminated at pH 2.0 and reduced at pH 7.0 (p less than 0.001), suggesting that degraded sites are associated with chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid. By contrast, prolonged heparitinase I digestion was ineffective at either pH. Digestion of purified substrates revealed crossreactivity of heparitinase towards chondroitin sulfate and of chondroitinase towards hyaluronic acid. Since tissue sites were reduced by chondroitinase but not heparitinase, we suggest that degradation is due to hyaluronidase activity of chondroitinase and the anionic sites are associated with hyaluronic acid. However, the influence of pH indicates that lamina rara externa sites are structurally distinct from other GBM anionic sites.
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PMID:Detection of glomerular anionic sites in post-embedded ultra-thin sections using cationic colloidal gold. 190 27

In order to ascertain whether or not the presence of glycosaminoglycans in sputa of patients suffering from chronic bronchial disorders was related to tracheobronchial infection, an electrophoretic procedure was set up. The different acidic macromolecular components of sputum, namely nucleic acids, glycosaminoglycans, and bronchial glycopeptides could be identified in proteolyzed sputum using agarose electrophoresis before and after the action of different enzymes: nucleases, chondroitinases, hyaluronidase and heparinase. This procedure was used to analyze 13 sputum samples from patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) and 12 sputum samples from patients suffering from chronic bronchitis. Chondroitin sulfate was identified in 11 infected sputum samples from patients with CF and also in the noninfected sputum from a patient with chronic bronchitis. These data suggest a relationship between the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in sputum and severe tracheobronchial infection in CF.
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PMID:Chondroitin sulfate in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis. 191 Aug 15

The remarkable insights into the pathogenesis of osteo-arthrosis (OA) have also affected the therapeutic field. Efforts have been made to find drugs which would somehow block or slow down the evolution of this disease. In this connection, a major contribution has been made by the investigations on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which play a crucial role in the physiology of joint cartilage. It was thus suggested that proper supplementation with GAGs might enable chondrocytes to replace the proteoglycans (PG). Galactosaminoglucuronoglycan sulfate (GAGGS) has been used for this purpose. In preliminary clinical trials, GAGGS exhibited a remarkable tolerability and good therapeutic efficacy. GAGs are generally able to inhibit certain enzymes present in the synovial fluid which may damage joint cartilage (elastase, hyaluronidase). Moreover, GAGGS has also been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory drug since it has an inhibitory effect over the complement. All these data supply evidence that, in theory, GAGGS may have a chondroprotective effect in patients with OA. In addition to the positive results of preliminary clinical trials, the use of GAGGS in OA therapy is based on the fact that this drug is absorbed by the body, is concentrated in the cartilages and produces no toxic or teratogenic effects. In the clinical studies performed so far, although of the open type, GAGGS has always yielded clinical improvement both of painful symptoms and of limited function thanks to its proven anti-inflammatory activity. Thus once the results from other ongoing trials (double blind) are available, hopefully GAGGS will in fact become a basic drug for OA therapy.
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PMID:Chondroprotection with chondroitin sulfate. 191 34

In 7-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglia and epidermis cocultures, nerve fibers avoid the epidermis. Previous studies have indicated that glycoproteic factors, secreted by epidermis, could be involved in this phenomenon. Treatment of epidermis by beta-D-xyloside, a specific proteoglycan synthesis inhibitor, abolishes the avoidance reaction. The same result is obtained when anti-chondroitin sulfate antibodies are added to the culture medium. Using HPLC and 35SO4 labeling combined with chondroitinase and hyaluronidase treatment, it has been demonstrated that chondroitin sulfate is present in the epidermal conditioned medium. This suggests that a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan secreted by the epidermis is implicated in the neurite avoidance reaction and that epidermis could therefore control its own "noninnervation". In vivo, inhibitory influences by local extracellular components may control the guidance of growth cones during nerve pattern formation.
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PMID:Involvement of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the avoidance of chick epidermis by dorsal root ganglia fibers: a study using beta-D-xyloside. 193 51

A cell line (NMSG10) was established from malignant fibrous histiocytoma in human tibial bone. The cells revealed polymorphism at the primary culture stage, but they gradually became monotonous fibroblastic cells during transfer. On light microscopic examination, the features of these transformed cells were shown to be positive for alcian blue, oil red 0 and acid phosphatase stain. In an immunohistochemical test, the cells were shown to be positive for anti-proteoglycans, S-100, alpha 1-antitrypsin, vimentin and actin. An electron microscopic examination, revealed multiple irregular long microvilli extending from the cell surface. Also noted were microvesicles and lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm. There was also a collagenous microfilament in the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we found a lot of mucous substance which was able to be stained with alcian blue and to be digested by hyaluronidase in the cultured medium. This mucous substance was identified through two dimensional electrophoresis as being mainly hyaluronic acid with a macromolecular weight, a small amount of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Additionally, chromosomal analysis was performed at the 7th passage, revealing aneuploidy with a modal number of 46. The primary cells and NMSG10 cells were not transferable to nude mice.
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PMID:[Establishment and characterization of NMSG10 cells from malignant fibrous histiocytoma in human bones]. 196 90

Chondrogenesis, the differentiation of mesenchyme into cartilage, results in a change in composition of the extracellular matrix. The cartilage matrix contains several unique components, including type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; it also contains fibronectin, a glycoprotein that mediates the interaction of cells with their matrix. We show that chick cartilage fibronectin mRNA contains an unusual pattern of alternatively spliced exons. Specifically, it contains exon IIIB but does not contain exon IIIA whereas fibronectin mRNA from mesenchyme contains both exons IIIB and IIIA. Thus the splicing pattern of the fibronectin mRNA must change from B+A+ to B+A- during chondrogenesis. Most fibronectin mRNA in other mesenchymal tissues contains exon IIIA but little exon IIIB (B-A+). Culturing of chondrocytes (cartilage-producing cells) results in loss of exon IIIB from fibronectin mRNA (B-A-). Manipulation of culture conditions to produce more adhesive chondrocytes (treatment with hyaluronidase, transformation with Rous sarcoma virus, and treatment with retinoic acid) increases the amount of fibronectin mRNA containing exon IIIA. These results suggest that exon IIIB may mediate the interactions of chondrocytes with the unique components of the cartilage matrix and exon IIIA may play a role in chondrocyte adhesion.
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PMID:The splicing pattern of fibronectin mRNA changes during chondrogenesis resulting in an unusual form of the mRNA in cartilage. 200 28

The purpose of the present study was to determine the surface hydrophobicity of small oral spirochetes and to receive an impression of the molecular organization of the cell surfaces. Nine spirochete strains with one endoflagellum from each cell-end (1:2:1 spirochetes) and eight with two endoflagella from each cell-end (2:4:2 spirochetes) from subgingival plaque were examined. Two hydrophobicity assay systems were used: 1) two-phase partitioning and 2) salting-out aggregation by ammonium sulfate. The influence of heat, enzymes, saliva, and serum were examined. The 2:4:2 spirochetes were significantly more hydrophobic than the 1:2:1 spirochetes. For all strains heat treatment increased surface hydrophobicity, whereas incubation with proteases decreased surface hydrophobicity for the 1:2:1 spirochetes. The 2:4:2 spirochetes were unaffected by the proteases. Lipase and hyaluronidase affected the two morphotypes in opposite directions. Saliva did not affect the surface hydrophobicity of any of the strains, whereas rabbit serum decreased this property for the 2:4:2 strains.
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PMID:Surface hydrophobicity of small oral spirochetes. 202 70

15 cases of human malignant melanoma were studied and classified into 5 superficial speading (SSM), 5 nodular melanomas (NM), and 5 melanoma metastasis (Met). The tissue was fixed with formaldehyde and cetylpyridium chloride (CPC). Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or proteoglycans respectively were characterized by Alcian blue staining following the method of critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) (Scott, Dorling 1965) and by testes hyaluronidase. The staining intensities were quantified by a Leitz MPV photometer microscope in basement membranes (BM) and tumor septa. Tumor septa, which may be looked on as correlates of epithelial BM material, show increased straining intensities as compared to the normal BM (nBM) around the tumor. It is concluded from the sensitivity to testes hyaluronidase and the straining pattern that these are caused by increased straining of GAG of the type of chondroitin sulfates and possibly of dermatan sulfate while unsulfated GAG are rather decreased. The GAG pattern in BM in SSM shows characteristics of tumor septa and of nBM as well. The staining of the tumors shows higher intensities than that of all structures in the normal skin. It is concluded that increasing malignancy is accompanied by increasing changes in GAG which can be quantified by the method used topohistochemically discerning the healthy tissue from malignant structures.
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PMID:[Histotopochemical quantification of glycosaminoglycans in melanomas and the surrounding epidermis]. 209 11

A 68-year-old man and a 66-year-old woman had diffuse corneal stromal deposits that stained with alcian blue and colloidal iron but did not react with periodic acid-Schiff stain and lipid stains. Similar deposits were found within postmortem sclera in one case, but not in other ocular or extraocular tissues. The abnormal material was sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase. The material reacted with monoclonal antibody 9-A-2 after digestion by chondroitinase AC in one case and ABC in both cases, which is consistent with the identification of the glycosaminoglycans chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Electron microscopic examination of the cornea in both cases disclosed granular material in vacuoles dispersed extracellularly and, rarely, in keratocytes. Results of blood and skin fibroblast enzyme assays for clinically relevant mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses were normal in both patients, and there were no somatic abnormalities suggesting a storage disease.
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PMID:Unusual mucopolysaccharide disorder with corneal and scleral involvement. 211 Apr 15


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