Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium chloride and sodium hydrogen phosphate form precipitation zones in gelatin gel, gel supplemented with cartilaginous extract, articular cartilage slices, and in demineralized bone. The cartilaginous extract exerts a marked inhibitory effect on the crystal quantity and clustering. The pretreatment of cartilage slices with hyaluronidase increases the crystal frequency. The morphology of crystals formed in gelatin and in cartilage was similar but quite different from the precipitation pattern found in demineralized bone.
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PMID:Artificial mineralization in vitro--a model of tissue mineralization. 834 82

In the presence of 4 mM inorganic phosphate, differentiating chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells plated in micromass cultures form a mineralized matrix resembling that of chick calcified cartilage. To test the hypothesis that cartilage proteoglycans are inhibitors of cell mediated mineralization, the synthesis, content, and turnover of proteoglycans were altered in this system, and the extent of mineralization and properties of the mineral crystals examined. In all cases where the proteoglycan synthesis or proteoglycans present were modified to provide fewer or smaller molecules, mineralization was enhanced. Specifically, when proteoglycan synthesis was blocked by treatment with 10(-10) M retinoic acid, extensive mineral deposition occurred on a matrix devoid of both proteoglycans and cartilage nodules. The crystals, which formed rapidly, were relatively large in size based on analysis by X-ray diffraction or FT-1R microspectroscopy, and were more abundant than in controls. When 2.5 or 5 mM xylosides were used to cause the synthesis of smaller proteoglycans, the extent of mineral accretion was also increased relative to controls; however, the matrix was less affected, and the extent of mineral deposition and the size of the crystals were not as markedly altered as in the case of retinoic acid. Modification of existing proteoglycans by either chondroinase ABC or hyaluronidase treatment similarly resulted in increased mineral accretion (based on 45Ca uptake or total Ca uptake) relative to cultures in which the proteoglycan content was not manipulated. Crystals were more abundant and larger than in control mineralizing cultures. In contrast, when proteoglycan degradation by metalloproteases was inhibited by metal chelation with o-phenanthroline, the Ca accretion at early time points was increased, but as mineralization progressed, Ca accumulation decreased. These data provide evidence that in this culture system, proteoglycans are inhibitors of mineralization.
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PMID:Effects of proteoglycan modification on mineral formation in a differentiating chick limb-bud mesenchymal cell culture system. 909 12

Hyaluronidase has gained increasing interest as an adjuvant in local and systemic cancer therapy, despite the incomplete knowledge of its physiological function. To this end, direct intratumoral injection of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (500, 1600 or 7500 U in 50 microl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) was performed in orthotopic (o.t.) osteosarcoma xenografts grown in the hind leg of nude mice. Control tumours received 50 microl PBS alone or supplemented with 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Central tumour interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were measured using the wick-in-needle technique and after cannulation of the carotid artery, respectively. IFP was 32 +/- 8 mmHg (n = 44, mean +/- SD) in untreated tumours and there was a significant correlation between tumour IFP and volume (P < 0.01). The hyaluronidase injection reduced IFP to 63-84% after 1 h compared with controls (P < 0.05) and in a non-linear concentration-dependent manner. MABP was not affected significantly. In conclusion, an intratumoral hyaluronidase injection might reduce IFP temporally in solid osteosarcoma xenografts.
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PMID:Hyaluronidase reduces the interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumours in a non-linear concentration-dependent manner. 983 21

The role for the metabolism of hyaluronic acid in the repair process is uncertain. Fetal dermal wounds do not heal by scarring and have sustained high levels of hyaluronic acid. In contrast, adult dermis is repaired by scarring and has less hyaluronic acid. Initially after injury, hyaluronic acid is elevated in both adult and fetal wounds, and although it remains elevated in fetal repair, it is rapidly degraded in adult wounds. The chronic addition of hyaluronic acid or hyaluronidase to polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in adult mice was investigated in this study. Polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants containing a central reservoir were placed subcutaneously in the dorsum of adult male CD-1 mice. Mice were divided into three groups: a phosphate-buffered saline control, a 20 microgram hyaluronic acid treatment group, and a 10 U hyaluronidase treatment group. The central reservoir of each sponge implant received appropriate compound every 3 days for 2 weeks via transdermal injection and were then evaluated histologically. At 2 weeks, the cellular density and the quantity of granulation tissue deposition were the greatest in the hyaluronidase group and were lowest in the hyaluronic acid group. In addition, the organization of collagen fiber bundles was the most dense in the hyaluronidase group and least in the hyaluronic acid group. In a second experiment, polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in mice received either phosphate-buffered saline solution or 20 microgram hyaluronic acid every 3 days for 1 week. On day 5, an aliquot of fluorescently tagged native collagen was injected into the sponges. Sponges were harvested at day 7, cryosections made, and the presence of autofluorescent collagen fibers assessed. The autofluorescent collagen fiber bundles in the phosphate-buffered saline solution group were organized in thick parallel bundles, whereas the collagen bundles from hyaluronic acid-treated implants were organized in fine lacelike structures. Chronic addition of hyaluronic acid appears to mimic the fetal dermal connective tissue matrix in which repair proceeds with diminished collagen deposition, organized in finer collagen fiber bundles in granulation tissue. On the other hand, the removal of hyaluronic acid by the chronic administration of hyaluronidase increases the amount of granulation tissue. Elevated levels of hyaluronic acid in granulation tissue appear to modulate the ability of resident fibroblasts to organize collagen fiber bundles.
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PMID:Repeated additions of hyaluronan alters granulation tissue deposition in sponge implants in mice. 984 64

The ability of bacteria to survive in serum is considered a likely virulence determinant in diseases where the infective bacteria become septicaemic. Optimal conditions were established to test the survival of Pasteurella multocida in chicken serum. Serum was used at 90%, the inoculum was 10(3)-10(4)cfu in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4. Survival was measured after incubation for 2-4 h; if survival was <50% the strain was considered serum susceptible. Susceptible strains were either killed or their growth was inhibited. Some resistant strains not only survived but grew rapidly in unheated serum. Thirty-five strains, all originally isolated from clinical fowl cholera, were tested; eight were susceptible, of which three were killed and five inhibited, and the remainder (27) were resistant. Ten serum-resistant P. multocida serogroup A strains were grown in hyaluronidase to remove the capsule and survival in chicken serum was re-tested. Three strains became susceptible, while seven strains remained resistant. Three serum susceptible strains were then tested in the presence of cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NANA). This substance is present in the human serum, and is known to mask the effect of complement on Neisseria gonorrhoeae rendering susceptible strains resistant. Two of the three serum susceptible strains became resistant in the presence of CMP-NANA. Serum susceptibility/resistance was more complex than that of Escherichia coli, and the role of resistance to avian complement in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera remains to be determined.
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PMID:Survival of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida in chicken serum. 1069 11

The luteal phase in the normal human menstrual cycle is known to be about 14 days. The physiological mechanisms that regulate the corpus luteum remain to be clarified, although apoptosis is reported to be involved. This study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of luteal function by gonadotropins, cytokines, and PGs, concentrating attention on the incidence of apoptosis and its molecular mechanisms in cultured human luteinized granulosa cells collected at oocyte pick-up from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Clusters of granulosa cells were pipetted in 0.1% hyaluronidase in phosphate-buffered saline. After cell separation by centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque, 1 x 104 viable cells/mL in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FCS were used for experimentation. Substances added were FSH (100 ng/mL), hCG (100 ng/mL), LH (100 ng/mL), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta; 10 ng/mL), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1; 10 ng/mL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF; 10 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha; 10 ng/mL), and PGF2alpha (10 ng/mL). After 24-h culture at 37 C under 5% CO2 and air, cells were fixed with 4% neutral buffered formalin and stained with Hoechst 33258. Apoptotic bodies were counted under a fluorescence microscope, and immunostaining was performed using anti-Fas, Fas ligand, Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 antibodies. Incidences of apoptotic bodies in the group without substance addition were 0.7 +/- 0.2% (0 h), 5.9 +/-0.6% (24 h), and 7.9 +/- 1.2% (48 h); spontaneous increase was significant at the latter time points. Defining the incidence at 24 h as 100%, values after treatment were: FSH, 57%; LH, 84%; hCG, 44%; IL-1beta, 76%; TGFbeta1, 52%; M-CSF, 50%; TNFalpha, 177%; and PGF2alpha, 147%. Significant suppression was observed with FSH, hCG, TGFbeta1, and M-CSF (P < 0.01). On the other hand, significant induction occurred with TNFalpha and PGF2alpha (P < 0.01). On immunostaining, the incidence of stained cells with anti-Fas, Fas ligand, Bax, and p53 antibody was increased after 24-h incubation without addition. This was reduced by hCG, TGFbeta1, and M-CSF. No stained cells were observed with anti-Bcl-2 antibody before or after incubation. In conclusion, our results suggest that both gonadotropins (FSH and hCG) and cytokines (TGFbeta1 and M-CSF) may be involved in the support of luteal function via suppression of apoptosis, and that TNFalpha and PGF2alpha may contribute to ovarian dysfunction and/or luteal regression via its induction in human luteinized granulosa cells. Our results also suggest that Fas, Fas ligand, p53, and Bax may play roles in this apoptosis controlled by hCG, TGFbeta1, and M-CSF.
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PMID:Gonadotropins and cytokines affect luteal function through control of apoptosis in human luteinized granulosa cells. 1077 Feb 7

Periodic modulation of the elevated interstitial fluid pressure might improve filtration and uptake of tumor-targeting macromolecules (e.g. radioimmunoconjugates) in solid tumors. Cycling of the tumor interstitial fluid pressure was initiated by intratumoral injections of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH, 1,600 U) in osteosarcoma-bearing nude mice. BTH injection was repeated at 3-day intervals up to 9 days, in conjunction with tail vein injections of 125I-labeled TP-3 monoclonal antibody against an osteosarcoma-associated antigen (n = 9) or non-specific 125I-labeled UPC-10 antibody (n = 9). Control mice received intratumoral injections of phosphate buffered saline (n = 18). The radioactivities of tumor and normal tissues (blood, liver, kidney and spleen) were measured and compared between the different groups. BTH injections increased the tumor uptake of specific 125I-labeled TP-3 significantly by approximately 70% in mice receiving 3 fractions compared to 1-2 fractions of the antibody (p < 0.05). The tumor/normal tissue ratio in mice receiving 3 fractions of 125I-labeled TP-3 (n = 5) was significantly higher for all tissues, compared with mice receiving 1-2 fractions (n = 4) (p < 0.05). Control injections did not affect the tumor/blood ratio, but increased the uptake of 125I-labeled TP-3 significantly in kidney and spleen (p < 0.05). Also, BTH reduced the uptake of 125I-labeled UPC-10 in tumor and liver by approximately 20% compared with controls (p < 0.05). The results indicate that periodic lowering of the tumor interstitial fluid pressure might increase the specificity of blood-borne monoclonal antibodies to solid tumors in vivo.
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PMID:Hyaluronidase-induced periodic modulation of the interstitial fluid pressure increases selective antibody uptake in human osteosarcoma xenografts. 1113 55

In this study, we measured the antiallergic activities of ginsenosides isolated from the root of Panax ginseng ( Araliaceae), and of their metabolites, as produced by human intestinal bacteria. Compound K, which was identified as a main metabolite, had the most potent inhibitory activity on beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells and on the PCA reaction. The inhibitory activity of compound K was more potent than that of disodium cromoglycate, one of the commercial anti-allergic drugs. This compound demonstrated a membrane stabilizing action on differential scanning calorimetry. However, compound K did not inhibit the activation of hyaluronidase and did not scavenge active oxygen. These results suggest that the antiallergic action of compound K originates from its cell membrane stabilizing activity and that the ginsenosides of ginseng are prodrugs with extensive antiallergic properties. Abbreviations. compound K:20- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-20( S)-protopanaxadiol DNP:dinitrophenol DSCG:disodium cromoglycate DPPC:dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine DPPH:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HSA:human serum albumin IC 50 :50% inhibitory concentration EC 50 :50% effective concentration XOD:xanthine oxidase ICR:Institute of Cancer Research PBS:phosphate buffered saline PCA:passive cutaneous anaphylaxis RAW264.7:mouse monocyte leukemiaRBL-2H3: rat basophil leukemia SD:Sprague-Dawley
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PMID:Antiallergic activity of ginseng and its ginsenosides. 1286 69

Chesbro, William R. (University of New Hampshire, Durham), Fred P. Heydrick, Roland Martineau, and Gail N. Perkins. Purification of staphylococcal beta-hemolysin and its action on staphylococcal and streptococcal cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 89:378-389. 1965.-After growth of bovine-derived strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a completely dialyzable medium, the beta-hemolysin in the culture supernatant fluids was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on cellulose phosphate. The purified hemolysin contained two components, demonstrable by immunodiffusion or electrophoresis, but was free from alpha-hemolysin, coagulase, Delta-hemolysin, enterotoxins A and B, glucuronidase, hyaluronidase, lipase, muramidase, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phosphatase, and protease. The hemolysin was heat-labile and sulfhydryl-dependent, and the preparation was leukocidal for guinea pig macrophages. When rabbit red blood cell (RBC) stroma and staphylococcal or enterococcal cell walls were treated with the purified hemolysin, it liberated mucopolysaccharides from the rabbit RBC stroma, polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides (or mucopeptides) from the staphyloccoal cell walls, and rhamnose, glucose, an unidentified monosaccharide, N-acetylglucosamine, and at least two polysaccharides from the enterococcal cell walls. The hemolytic and cell-wall degradative activities had similar thermal inactivation kinetics, pH optima, sedimentation coefficients, and chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities; both required Mg and were inhibited by thiol-inactivating agents. Consequently, it seems likely that both activities are expressions of the same enzyme.
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PMID:PURIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL BETA-HEMOLYSIN AND ITS ACTION ON STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS. 1425 4

The pellets from a culture of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) that were submerged shaken were disintegrated into numerous hyphal fragments by DNase treatment. The pellets were increasingly dispersed by hyaluronidase treatment, and mycelial fragments were easily detached from the pellets. The submerged mycelium grew by forming complexes with calcium phosphate precipitates or kaolin, a soil particle. Therefore, the pellet formation of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) can be considered a biofilm formation, including the participation of adhesive extracellular polymers and the insoluble substrates.
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PMID:Formation and dispersion of mycelial pellets of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). 1535 96


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