Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explants of rabbit cornea and sclera, and by confluent cultures of corneal fibroblasts after incubation in medium containing 35S-sulfate were compared. The glycosaminoglycans isolated from corneal explants differed considerably from those obtained from confluent corneal fibroblast cultures and scleral explants. Only the corneal explants secreted into the nutrient medium a population of enzyme-resistant 35S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycan that eluted from Dowex 1-X2 (Cl-) at a 3 M sodium chloride concentration, and which was resistant to testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and nitrous acid degradation. With time, corneal explants gradually synthesized less of this fraction with these attributes of keratosulfate. If the corneal epithelium and endothelium remained on the corneal explants the total incorporated 35S-sulfate was approximately double that obtained when the cornea was striped of these cells.
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PMID:A comparative study of extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by rabbit corneal fibroblasts in organ and confluent cultures. 13 75

The choice of which neurotransmitters will be produced by a developing neuron is influenced by the microenvironment of the neuron. In this study we show that neuronal contact with membrane-associated molecules promotes expression of peptidergic and cholinergic traits. Treatment of cultured neonatal rat sympathetic neurons with plasma membranes derived from adult rat spinal cord or sympathetic ganglia induced expression of the peptide transmitter substance P and increased levels of the cholinergic biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase. The transmitter-stimulating activity could be solubilized from spinal cord membranes by the detergent octyl glucoside but not by Triton X-100. The choline acetyltransferase- and substance P-stimulating activity also could be extracted from spinal cord membranes by 4 M sodium chloride, suggesting that the active material is membrane associated rather than an intrinsic structural membrane molecule. Trypsin or heat treatment of the extract destroyed the transmitter-stimulating activity, indicating that the factor contains a protein. Activity also was destroyed by hyaluronidase treatment, suggesting that the active material may contain a glycosaminoglycan. The choline acetyltransferase-stimulating activity in the 4 M NaCl extract was eluted in a single peak from a calibrated Sephadex G-75 column with a retention time slightly less than that of a 25-kDa standard. NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the active peak revealed a predominant band at 29 kDa. Thus, contact-mediated stimulation of substance P and choline acetyltransferase activity in sympathetic neurons results from neuronal exposure to a 29-kDa membrane-associated factor.
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PMID:Solubilization of a membrane factor that stimulates levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in sympathetic neurons. 244 32

A sensitive assay for hyaluronidase was developed using as a substrate, hyaluronic acid insolubilized on polystyrene microtest plates. Hyaluronic acid was measured exploiting the fact that it can bind immune complexes made up with hyaluronectin and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-hyaluronectin antibodies. Hyaluronidase was detected in both cell line culture media. Optimum pH was between 3.25 and 3.75. Sodium chloride dependence was absolute, and the optimum concentration of sodium chloride was between 0.2 and 0.3 M. The activity was not affected by dialysis, and was suppressed by a 5 minute heating at 50 degrees C or by protease treatment. The molecular weight was 68 K as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The results are close to those reported for human lysosomal hyaluronidase.
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PMID:[Characterization of lysosomal-type hyaluronidase in the culture medium of 2 cell lines derived from human hepatomas]. 301 17

The highly vesicant nature of the alkylating anticancer agent mechlorethamine (HN2, or nitrogen mustard) requires careful i.v. technique during its administration. Skin toxicity due to HN2 extravasation is severe and typically prolonged over several months. Mouse skin toxicity studies were carried out to find a local antidote to decrease the severity of tissue damage by this agent. Intradermal (i.d.) HN2 (0.005-0.5 mg) caused dose-dependent skin ulcers in the mouse. Isotonic sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 (0.167 M) or hypertonic (0.34 M) Na2S2O3 (0.05 ml) given immediately after HN2 significantly reduced the mean HN2 ulceration area and the total time of ulceration. Ineffective local HN2 antidotes included hyaluronidase, hydrocortisone, and sodium chloride, all given i.d. Topical applications of DMSO, cold, and heat were also ineffective. Sodium thiosulfate is believed to chemically neutralize reactive mechlorethamine-alkylating species and thus decrease skin toxicity. Thiosulfate dosing studies showed that a molar excess of at least 200:1 (Na2S2O3:HN2) was required for significant antidotal activity. If thiosulfate treatment was delayed 4-24 h after HN2, no antidotal effects were obtained. We conclude that sodium thiosulfate can decrease the severity of local tissue damage caused by HN2. It should be considered the antidote of choice in the setting of clinical HN2 extravasations.
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PMID:Efficacy of sodium thiosulfate as a local antidote to mechlorethamine skin toxicity in the mouse. 316 43

1. Two polysaccharides were isolated from the interstitial matrix surrounding the photoreceptor cells of cattle retina. They were liberated from this region of the tissue in a soluble form after agitation of whole retinas in 0.9% sodium chloride. One, which comprises two-thirds of the polysaccharides present, is a hyaluronidase-sensitive ;half-sulphated' chondroitin sulphate containing uronic acid, galactosamine and sulphate in the molar proportions 1.27:1.0:0.54. The other is a hyaluronidase-resistant non-sulphated heteropolysaccharide for which the name sialoglycan is proposed. It contains galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid in the molar proportions 2.4:1.0:0.4. Both polysaccharides contain only small amounts of nitrogen in excess of the amount calculated from their amino sugar and sialic acid content. 2. A similar combination of mucopolysaccharides is associated with the pigment epithelial-cell layer but in quantities only one-fifth of those present in the adjacent matrix area. 3. The ease with which they are released into aqueous media is consistent with the assumption that they are present in the extracellular spaces in both of these tissue layers. 4. The retinal residue left after removal of the two soluble polysaccharides is rich in amino sugar- and sialic acid-containing polymers, which appear to be firmly bound to the tissue fragments. 5. About one-third of the sialic acid and one-tenth of the amino sugar could be extracted with chloroform-methanol. The components in this fraction were tentatively identified as gangliosides. 6. Digestion of the chloroform-methanol-insoluble residue with Pronase yielded as the principal product a heteropolysaccharide containing 16.5% of glucosamine, 24.3% of neutral sugar (galactose plus fucose) and 18.1% of sialic acid. This substance has been classified as a sialoglycan of composition similar to (but not identical with) that of the soluble one isolated from the matrix area of the tissue.
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PMID:The acid mucopolysaccharides of cattle retina. 423 42

A homogeneous population of single cells from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) has been isolated from the rabbit kidney medulla. A total medullary cell suspension was prepared by a series of collagenase, hyaluronidase, and trypsin digestions and separated on a Ficoll gradient (2.6-30.7% wt/wt). Morphologically, the cells isolated from the TALH were homogeneous and showed polarity within their plasma membrane structure, with a few blunt microvilli on their apical surface and deep infoldings of the basal-lateral membrane. Biochemically, the TALH cells were highly enriched in calcitonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase and Na, K-ATPase. Alkaline phosphatase and arginine vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase, highly concentrated in proximal tubule and collecting duct, were present only in low concentrations in the TALH cells. Additionally, furosemide, a diuretic inhibiting sodium chloride transport in the TALH in vivo, inhibited oxygen consumption of the TALH cells in a dose-dependent manner. The TALH cells were viable, as judged by morphological appearance, trypan blue exclusion, the response of oxygen consumption to 2,4-dinitrophenol, succinate and ouabain, and the cellular Na, K and ATP levels.
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PMID:Separation of renal medullary cells: isolation of cells from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. 625 27

Volume and morphological changes of the squid giant axons in response to hyper- and hypoosmotic media were examined. In hyperosmotic media, which were made by adding sucrose or sodium chloride to the artificial seawater, the axons behaved approximately as ideal osmometers. The fraction of the osmotically inactive volume was less than 0.05. In hypoosmotic media down to half the osmolality of the artificial seawater, intact squid axons did not show significant volume increases. However, following a combined treatment with hyaluronidase and collagenase, the volume of the squid axons increased in these hypoosmotic media. A wrinkled pattern appeared on the surface of the axons while they were in hyperosmotic media containing excess NaCl or KCl. Trypsin treatment prevented appearance of this surface pattern. Furthermore, no such patterns appeared in media which were made hyperosmotic by the addition of sucrose or sodium glutamate.
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PMID:Osmotic properties of the squid giant axon and their modifications. 631 79

The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the glycosaminoglycan composition of rat renal cortical tissue was evaluated. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated and purified from the kidney cortex of control and diabetic rats by means of digestion with collagenase, pronase and ethanol precipitation. Subsequent fractionation was performed by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 1-X2 Cl using various concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The glycosaminoglycan in each fraction was characterized by digestion with hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC and ABC. The undigested glycosaminoglycans were separated after each enzyme digestion and quantitated. The glycosaminoglycan composition of each fraction was computed from the enzyme digestion profile. The results indicate that in renal cortex of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats there was a significant reduction in the levels of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, while the chondroitin sulfate remained unaffected. In light of this finding, the significance of these anionic polysaccharides in renal functions is discussed.
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PMID:Alterations in the rat renal glycosaminoglycans in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 660 Sep 34

Age-related changes in renal function have been attributed to alterations in the chemical composition of the kidney tissues. Hence, the glycosaminoglycan composition of the renal cortex and medulla at varying age intervals was investigated. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the tissues by means of digestion with collagenase and pronase and purified by ethanol precipitation. Subsequent separation of various polyanions was accomplished by ion exchange chromatography on a Dowex 1-X2 column, using sodium chloride buffers of increasing ionic strengths. The glycosaminoglycans in each fraction were identified and quantitated by digestion with specific enzymes, including hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC and ABC. The enzyme resistant material was separated and further digested with nitrous acid to quantitate the proportion of heparon sulfate. The results indicate that the glycosaminoglycan content of the renal medulla was much higher than the cortex at all the age intervals studied, and age-induced reduction was mainly cortical. There was a significant reduction in the heparan sulfate content of the cortex in aging. Interestingly, the major glycosaminoglycan content of the medulla was hyaluronic acid, which showed a sharp increase during aging, whereas heparan sulfate declined. Chondroitin sulfate was not altered due to age in either tissue. The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid was determined by column chromatography. Results indicate that the size of hyaluronate in the cortex was small and did not vary with age. In the medulla of the younger age group, a considerable amount of large size hyaluronate was observed. As age increased, the size decreased. The results strongly suggest that alteration in the renal glycosaminoglycans may be partly responsible for the age related protinuria and ionic imbalance.
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PMID:Alterations of renal cortex and medullary glycosaminoglycans in aging dog kidney. 662 71

The gastrointestinal invasive stages of two parasitic nematodes, Ancylostoma caninum and Anisakis simplex, were each found to release in vitro a hydrolytic enzyme that degrades the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid. The parasite hyaluronidases were partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and biochemically characterized. The hyaluronidase from A. caninum adult worms had a molecular weight of 65,000 and a pH optimum of 6 with activity at neutral pH, while the hyaluronidase from A. simplex larvae had a molecular weight of 40,000 and a pH optimum of 4 with no activity at neutral pH. Both parasite hyaluronidases also degraded the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate A. Cupric sulfate and high concentrations of sodium chloride were inhibitory. The nematode hyaluronidases are postulated to have a role in tissue histolysis and mucosal invasion; their distinct biochemical properties have relevance to the pathogenesis of the zoonoses anisakiasis and eosinophilic enteritis.
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PMID:Hyaluronidases of the gastrointestinal invasive nematodes Ancylostoma caninum and Anisakis simplex: possible functions in the pathogenesis of human zoonoses. 793 Jul 37


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