Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Guinea-pig epidermal cells in culture possess a glycocalyx coat similar to that in vivo, as revealed by the ruthenium red stating technique. Trypsin, phospholipase C, and lysozyme do not produce any changes of the glycocalyx, while hyaluronidase and neuraminidase lead to partial and subcomplete removal respectively. Cells stripped of their glycocalyx coat by neuraminidase do not detach from the support and do not show any signs of toxicity. There is complete reconstitution of the glycocalyx within 24 hr.
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PMID:Glycocalyx of epidermal cells in vitro: demonstration and enzymatic removal. 4 27

Hyaluronic acid (4 mg/ml) augmented elevenfold the copper-catalyzed (7 muM) thermal (63 degrees C, 2 hours) aggregation of human gamma globulin (2 mg/ml) in 0.075 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Almost no augmentation of aggregation occurred with hyaluronidase-treated hyaluronate. Hyaluronate-augmented copper-catalyzed thermal aggregation was inhibited by L-histidine, gold thiomalate, N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Together with previous reports of a decreased blood histidine concentration in rheumatoid arthritis, these studies provide a possible explanation for the affinity of this disease for joints.
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PMID:Sulfhydryl-dependent thermal aggregation of human gamma globulin: augmentation by hyaluronic acid. 4 54

Three approaches are utilized to study and characterize spermatozoal antigens. An immunological approach has demonstrated the presence of spermatozoal auto-, iso- and allo-antigens. Spermatozoal auto-antigens studies by several authors are able to induce the whole spectrum of immune reactions (delayed hypersensitivity, complement-fixing antibodies and anaphylactic antibodies0 as well as of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO). Different extraction procedures result in various preparations and even in different independent autoantigens (at least four), one protein, one membrane-linked antigen and at least two glyco-proteins. Spermatozoal iso-antigens stricto sensu are determined by the Y chromosome and present on at least 50% of the spermatozoa. Spermatozoal allo-antigens are also present at the surface of spermatozoa, especially blood group antigens (ABO and MNS systems), transplantation antigens (HL-A, H-2) and also some other unidentified ones. A biochemical approach has mainly been directed towards spermatozoal enzymes that have been directed towards spermatozoal enzymes that have been shown to be antigenic even in the species of origin. This is the case for lactic dehydrogenase LDH-X (a mid-piece enzyme) and for acrosomal enzymes, e.g., hyaluronidase, possibly sorbitol dehydrogenase and trypsin-like acrosomal proteinase (the auto- and allo-antigenicity of the latter having not been established). At least three of these enzymes are known or supposed to play a role in the process of fertilization. A clinical approach has described the presence of spermatozoal-coating antigen(s), such as transferrin or blood group substances from secretors obtained following the admixture of the secretions of the seminal vesicles. Indications were also obtained for the existence of antibodies directed against defined antigens. Several types of localization of antibodies on spermatozoa were described: acrosome (front part), equatorial segment, post-nuclear region, mid-piece and tail. Attempts at fractionation of human psermatozoal antigens are still at a preliminary stage. Whatever the approach, the main interest of these antigens is that they are able to induce, in the species of origin or in a related species antibodies capable of interfering with the normal process of reproduction, especially fertilization..
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PMID:Characterization of spermatozoal auto-, iso- and allo-antigens. 4 84

Studied was the antigenic relatedness of hyaluronidase contained in the semen of breeder animals of homologic and heterologic species. The experiments were carried out by means of the immunodiffusion and the immunoelectrophoretic methods. The results obtained showed that the seminal hyaluronidase of bulls, rams and bucks is antigenically related, and that of stallions, boars and rabbits does not exhibit antigenic relatedness. Stallion semen is closely related antigenically with the above-mentioned three animal species' semen as manifested by two precipitation bands, but these are not identical with the hyaluronidase precipitation arc. The antigenic relatedness of seminal hyaluronidase is demonstrated by one precipitation line. This fact makes it reasonable to believe that the enzyme activity of hyaluronidase is to be manifested in one protein fraction only, and not in a protein complex. However, further investigations are needed on the biologic activity and the immunologic specificity of hyaluronidase.
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PMID:[An immunologic study of hyaluronidase of different animal origin]. 4 5

The ability to demonstrate AMPS in the trabecular region in the normal eye of the Rhesus monkey was shown to be critically dependent upon technical variation. Staining the fixed specimen prior to dehydration and embedding permits the uniform demonstration of AMPS in the trabecular region of the Rhesus monkey and shows it to be hyaluronidase-sensitive. Electron microscopy using the modified technique shows the reaction products to be present within the trabecular band, the intertrabecular spaces, and the canal of Schlemm. More impressive distribution was seen in the basement membrane of trabecular endothelium intimately related to the cell wall and in the ground substance and basement membrane of the endothelium of the inner wall of the canal Schlemm. The technique is also successful in the human eye and suggests a greater abundance of trabecular AMPS in open-angle glaucoma.
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PMID:Demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides in the trabecular meshwork of the Rhesus monkey. 4 31

An antigen was detected in pooled human nephroblastomas using antiserum prepared in rabbits against an ethylemediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) extract of the tumors. This antigen was not found in normal human plasma or kidney extracts, and was not related to the ABO or Forssman blood groups. The antigen was detected in extracts of cultured nephroblastoma cells, but was not present in extracts of normal human fetal kidney cell cultures. The antigen is believed to be present at the cell surface, as cell viability was not significantly lowered during the extraction procedure. A reaction of complete identity was demonstrated by Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments with this antigen and purified bovine fetuin. The antigen was not found in extracts of human fetal spleen, thymus or kidney, nor in human fetal serum. Furthermore, the antigen does not possess determinants in common with the human alpha-fetoprotein of hepatomas, nor was it detected in human renal clear cell carcinoma. Initial characterization of the antigen showed it to be nondialysable, not sedimentable at 100,000 times g for 2 h, stable to repeated freeze-thawing and to incubation at 56 degrees C for 1 h, and water soluble over a wide pH range. The antigen was susceptible to digestion with pronase and trypsin and possibly hyaluronidase, but not to ribonuclease or neuraminidase. The protein portion is therefore of major importance to the structural integrity of this antigen. The relationship between this antigen and other abnormal materials reported previously in nephroblastoma patients is being studied.
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PMID:A fetuin-like antigen from human nephroblastoma. 5 Feb 93

Acid mucopolysaccharides in mast cell granules were histochemically studied in the lesion of urticaria pigmentosa and in the dermis of normal human skin. Alcian blue and azure A were used to stain mucopolysaccharides. Bromphenol blue was employed for detection of basic proteins. In a further attempt to identify various polyanions, staining was carried out with alcian blue containing various concentrations of electrolytes. Methylation, saponification, and digestion with streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, sialidase, or desoxyribonuclease were also employed. The results obtained are most likely to suggest the presence of hyaluronic acid in mast cell granules.
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PMID:Histochemical demonstration of hyaluronic acid in human dermal mast cells. 5 4

Surfaces of human embryo fibroblasts in vitro were reacted with stain and lectin probes for carbohydrate moeities either after or in the absence of treatment with low concentrations of surface-active enzymes and EDTA. Only testicular hyaluronidase significantly suppressed affinity-binding of all three agents, suggesting that acidic glycosaminoglycans are principle components of the cell's exterior.
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PMID:On the nature of the external surface of cultured human embryo fibroblasts: an ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis utilising stain and lectin probes. 5 67

Gingival samples removed from fifteen Beagle dogs were sectioned into small pieces, parts of which served as the uncultured piece; the remaining pieces were organ cultured for four hours at 37 degrees C in MEM control, compound 48/80, endotoxins, protease, collagenase, hyaluronidase, trypsin and chymotrypin media. Uncultured and cultured tissues and spent media were analyzed spectrofluorometrically for histamine content. The uncultured gingiva contained a mean of 2.80 mug histamine/g of tissue and was considered to contain 100% total histamine available for release. The percentages of histamine released into the medium were 5.4% for culture control, 57.3% for compound 48/80, 5.4% for endotoxins, 77.3% for protease, 16.1% for hyaluronidase, 24 for collagenase, 39.3% for trypsin, and 36.5% for chymotrypsin. When compared to the culture control, all test substances showed statistically significant histamine release (P less than 0.005 to P less than 0.0005) except for the endotoxins and for hyaluronidase (P greater than 0.05). The results demonstrate (1) that gingiva contains a potential source or reservoir of histamine, presumably in mast cells, and when appropriately challenged in vitro can release this histamine; (2) no direct effect of endotoxins on histamine release in vitro, (3) that all enzymes tested except hyaluronidase resulted in significant histamine release. The results of this in vitro study support a thesis that enzymes are active in the early events of gingival inflammation.
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PMID:The effect of endotoxins and enzymes in vitro on the release of gingival histamine. 5 3

The ultrastructural distribution of ruthenium red staining material is studied in the cerebral cortex of rat. It is established that the material is located equally along the cell surface of the neurons, glial and endothelial cells, and within a number of cell organelles: mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles and throughout both membranes of the nuclear envelope. Using digestion with hyaluronidase and trypsin, and lipid extraction an attempt is made to determine the participation of some chemical compounds such as acid mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids and acid polypeptides in the composition of the ruthenium red-positive material. Moreover, the problem of the optimal conditions for the carrying out of ruthenium red staining in the CNS is discussed.
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PMID:Distribution of ruthenium red staining material in the cerebral cortex of rat. 5 84


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