Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hyaluronidase [EC 3.2.1.35] was isolated from human placenta and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Its isoelectric point was at pH 5.2 and the molecular weight was 7 X 10(4) based on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration data. This enzyme was very stable at temperatures below 30 degree, but was almost completely inactivated at 60degree within 30 min. Its optimum pH was 3.9, a characteristic property of a lysosomal hyaluronidase. The Michaelis constant was 1.18 x 10(-1) mg per ml with purified hyaluronate. This enzyme depolymerized hyaluronate, chondroitin, chondroitin 4-sulfate and 6-sulfate, and the end product formed from hyaluronate was tetrasaccharide. Its biological diffusing activity was statistically significant on intracutaneous injection of 1.86 mU of the hyaluronidase into the back skine of a rabbit.
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PMID:Purification of hyaluronidase from human placenta. 1 51

A series of 30 myxofibrosarcomas is described. These malignant soft tissue tumours are characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, a coarse plexiform capillary pattern, and they are mostly seen subcutaneously (26 out of 30) in the extremities (24 out of 30) and trunk (4 out of 30) elderly people. Histochemical studies, comprising staining with Alcian blue and toluidine blue at different pH's with and without preceding digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and with the Scott technique, indicated the presence of hyaluronic acid but not sulphated glycosaminoglycans as chondroitinsulphates. Myxofibrosarcoma is believed to belong to the general category of fibroblastic and histiocytic malignant soft tissue tumours. The median diameter of the tumours was 7 cm. They were divided into 4 grades according to cellularity, cell atypia and mitotic activity. The grade III and IV tumours showed pronounced atypia, often with the bi- and multinucleated giant tumour cells and occasionally with giant cells of Touton's type, suggesting a relationship to malignant fibroxanthoma. All of the patients were treated surgically and one received also pre- and post-operative irradiation. None of the 2 grade I myxofibrosarcomas recurred, while 2 out of 7 grade II tumours, 6 out of 10 grade III tumours, and 7 out of 11 grade IV tumours recurred once and up to 9 times. Metastasis appeared in 7 out of 30 patients; grade I tumours were not seen in any of these cases. By the time of follow-up after intervals ranging from 1 month up to 27 years, 14 patients had died; 6 of these had died post-operatively or of intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis between myxofibrosarcoma and other myxoid soft tissue tumours is discussed.
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PMID:Myxofibrosarcoma. A study of 30 cases. 1 96

1. Polyacrylamide beads containing entrapped 35S-labelled proteoglycan molecules have been prepared. 2. The measurement of release of radioactivity provides an extremely sensitive assay for proteoglycan-degrading enzymes, including proteinases and hyaluronidase. 3. The amount of label released is a logarithmic function of enzyme concentration or time of incubation. Experiments were made in an attempt to explain this. 4. Assays were made by the new method at several pH values, and with the inclusion of inhibitors to identify the proteoglycan-degrading enzymes of rabbit ear cartilage. 5. A previously undescribed proteinase active against proteoglycan at pH4.5 but unaffected by pepstatin, was discovered. The enzyme was named cathepsin F, and was partially purified and characterized; it was detected in human articular cartilage.
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PMID:Proteoglycan-degrading enzymes. A radiochemical assay method and the detection of a new enzyme cathepsin F. 2 63

The changes in the weight, histology and biochemical composition of the epididymis (caput, corpus and cauda segments) in prepuberal rabbit and rhesus monkey in response to testosterone treatment were investigated. The increase in the weight of the organ was accompanied by increased levels of RNA and DNA. Androgen therapy caused an increase in the concentration of sialic acid, phospholipids and glycerylphosphorylcholine and activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and hyaluronidase. The cauda region of the epididymis exhibited relatively higher levels of sialic acid and glycerylphosphorylcholine. These findings are discussed in relation to the functional maturation of the organ and the role of androgen in this process.
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PMID:Functional maturation of the epididymis in rabbit and rhesus monkey. 2 35

Urea treatment of a temperate bacteriophage from a type 49 strain of group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography of solubilized proteins provided for the recovery (12%) and purification (44-fold) of the phage-associated hyaluronidase. The molecular weight of the homogeneous, purified enzyme was estimated to be 71,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and 75,000 by gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 5.5, a Vmax of 0.1 absorbance unit/min per microgram of protein, and a Km of 4.8 X 10(-2) mg/ml with umbilical cord hyaluronic acid as substrate. Of the cations tested, calcium and magnesium were the only effectors of the enzyme. The enzyme is a glycoprotein (7.25% carbohydrate) containing glucose, galactose, and glucosamine. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed a predominance of acidic amino acids and a relatively high content of cysteine. The partial specific volume, estimated from the amino acid and sugar analyses, was 0.725 cm3/g.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci. 2 84

Mycobacterium ulcerans produces an exotoxin in culture which, when inoculated into guinea pig skin, causes inflammation, necrosis, edema, and other histopathological changes resembling those in infections of humans. The toxin was resistant to heat and to alkalies and was moderately acid labile. Toxic activity was destroyed by Pronase, phospholipase, lipase, amylase, and glucosidase but not by trypsin, collagenase, cellulase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, or neuraminidase. Toxic activity was resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, p-chloromercuribenzoate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and sodium deoxycholate but was destroyed by sodium m-periodate and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The toxin was precipitated by a wide range of ammonium sulfate concentrations. Extraction with chlorofrom-methanol or petroleum ether destroyed its activity. Isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation in KBr produced a high-density lipoprotein layer with a 24-fold increase in specific activity. The results indicate that this toxin is a high-molecular-weight phospholipoprotein-polysaccharide complex.
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PMID:Further characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin. 3 Jun 94

The activity of bull sperm hyaluronidase (hyaluronate 3-glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.36) is increased by the inclusion of polycations in the assay mixture. At pH 3.8, bovine serum albumin and histone give the greatest stimulation, while protamine sulfate, spermine, spermidine and hyamine 2389 stimulate to a lesser extent. Enzyme activity increases with serum albumin concentration to a nearly constant, high level at serum albumin concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml. Other stimulatory compounds show a similar concentration dependence except that inhibition of enzyme activity occurs at high concentrations of stimulator. The degree of stimulation depends on the pH, sample concentration and substrate concentration. Enzyme preparations with a low protein content give the greatest stimulation, while preparations with a high protein content show little stimulation. The concentration of serum albumin required for maximum stimulation increases with increased hyaluronic acid concentration. The results suggest that the stimulation of sperm hyaluronidase is nonspecific and results from an interaction of the polycation with hyaluronic acid. Since protein in the enzyme preparation substitutes for exogenous stimulator to a varying degree, serum albumin should be included in the assay mixture for sperm and testicular hyaluronidase to assure measurement of maximum enzyme activity.
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PMID:Stimulation of bull sperm hyaluronidase by polycations. 4 Jun 4

A new micro-method for the assay of hyaluronidase activity is described. The method utilizes chondroitin sulfate as a substrate. The degraded products of chondroitin sulfate by hyaluronidase are determined by modified disc gel electrophoresis. The products are first concentrated into a single band in acrylamide gel, and then the band is stained with cetylpyridinium chloride. The absorbance of the band is proportional to the amount of the degraded products. The hyaluronidase activity is therefore linearly related to the absorbance. This procedure represents a sensitive method for the assay of hyaluronidase activity in the serum and urine.
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PMID:A new micro-assay for hyaluronidase activity. 4 3

Current knowledge of the pathophysiology of bacterial infections is elementary. Thie initial events leading to the invasion of host tissues are a matter of conjecture for many bacterial organisms. This is particularly true for pneumococci, the most frequent causative organisms of acute otitis media. Bacterial enzymes may account for the initial disruption of host tissues, and this study explored their role in the infectious process. As first step, pneumococcal cultures were analyzed, and significant levels of the enzymes lipase and hyaluronidase were demonstrated. Secondly, the presence of these enzymes in middle ear effusions was explored in an animal model of acute otitis media. The enzymes reached peak levels at seven days. The third and most important portion of the study examined the significance of these enzymes in producing inflammation and alterations in the middle ear cavity of normal experimental animals. This portion was a histologic comparison of temporal bone specimens and demonstrated that marked acute and chronic changes can be induced by placing solutions of these enzymes in the middle ear cavity. This study concludes that bacterial enzymes play an important role in the induction of acute otitis media.
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PMID:The role of bacterial enzymes in inducing inflammation in the middle ear cavity. 4 3

114 strains of anaerobic and microaerophilic coryneform bacteria from different origins were investigated for production of free extracellular hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.36). A quantitative technique was applied measuring the release of N-acetyl-glucosamine groups from purified human potassium hyaluronate. The strains belonged to the following species: Propionibacterium acnes, P. avidum, P. granulosum, P. lymphophilum, the formerly so-called Corynebacterium parvum, P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii and shermanii, P. thoenii, P. acidi-propionici, C. minutissimum, and Arachnia propionica. All together, 59 out of 114 (approximately 51.8%) tested strains showed clearly measurable hyaluronidase activities. P. acnes, the propionibacterium species most frequently found in acne vulgaris lesions, proved to be the most active species tested, 44 out of 64 (approximately 68.8%) P. acnes strains being positive. 5 strains producing hyaluronate glycanohydrolase activities of more than 60 mU/ml in thioglycollate broth cultures could be detected. P. avidum and P. granulosum strains were positive in only 45.0% and 33.3%, respectively, and their mean hyaluronidase activities were significantly lower. Differences in hyaluronidase activities of P. acnes strains isolated from acne vulgaris lesions and strains from normal human skin could not be found. The possible pathogenic role of propionibacteria hyaluronidase in acne vulgaris is discussed.
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PMID:Production of hyaluronidase by propionibacteria from different origins. 4 4


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