Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.36 (hyaluronidase)
 4,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study several activities of the venom of Ornithorhynchus anatinus have been investigated. Whole venom induced local oedema after subplantar injection and produced relaxation of the rat uterus in vitro. The relaxant activity was partially purified by gel permeation HPLC and subsequent analyses by SDS-PAGE revealed that this activity was associated with a 4200 mol. wt peptide. The N-terminal partial sequence of this peptide exhibited substantial identity with human and porcine C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Three other major proteins isolated from the venom had mol. wts of 140,000, 55,000 and 16,000. None was found to have any sequence homology with proteins listed in the SwissProt database. The 140,000 mol. wt protein exhibited hyaluronidase activity but the nature of the 55,000 and 16,000 mol. wt proteins remains to be determined. Platypus venom also exhibits protease activity, although the concentration of proteolytic enzymes was too low to be visualised by SDS-PAGE using Coomassie staining.
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PMID:A pharmacological and biochemical investigation of the venom from the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). 759 19

We recently established and characterized two rat endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines which we called RUCA-I and RUCA-II. Despite high estrogen receptor levels neither cell line responded to estradiol in conventional cell culture conditions on plastic and in the presence of charcoal stripped fetal calf serum. We further demonstrated that culturing of these cells on a reconstituted basement membrane induced the estrogen responsiveness for both proliferation and gene expression. Particularly, the expression of components of the complement C3 system, which represent major estradiol inducible proteins in the rat uterus in vivo, were found to be under the control of estrogens and antiestrogens. In this paper the search for estrogen repressed proteins is reported. For this purpose secretory proteins of RUCA-I cells were metabolically labelled with 35S-methionine and tested for the presence of estrogen-repressed, antiestrogen-inducible protein species. Analyzing cell culture supernatants of RUCA-I cells by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions a protein with an apparent size of approx. 250-270 kDa became conspicuous. The formation and secretion of this protein was suppressed by estradiol and induced by the antiestrogen ICI 164384. Gel electrophoresis performed under non-reducing conditions and hyaluronidase digestion showed that this estrogen-repressed protein represents a dimeric glycoprotein. By immunoprecipitation this glycoprotein was identified as fibronectin. Investigations of steady state mRNA levels of fibronectin by rtPCR suggested a post-transcriptional regulation of this molecule by estradiol. This is the first report on repression of components of the extracellular matrix by estradiol and induction by the complete antiestrogen ICI 164384. The consequences of this finding in regard to growth and invasion of endometrial tumors are discussed.
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PMID:Fibronectin is an estrogen-repressed protein in RUCA-I rat endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. 766 86

Hyaluronan was localized in postimplantation mouse embryos using CD44, the principal hyaluronan receptor. The specificity of CD44 receptor-globulin labelling was confirmed using Streptomyces hyaluronidase, anti-chondroitin sulfate antibody, and other receptor globulins. Our major findings are summarized as follows: 1. Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall triggers a rapid loss of hyaluronan from the extracellular matrix of decidual cells on the anti-mesometrial side of the uterus. 2. Hyaluronan appears early in development in the yolk cavity, and the basement membranes of primitive ectoderm and primitive endoderm. 3. During gastrulation, mesodermal cells enter a hyaluronan-rich environment, but lack a pericellular hyaluronan coat themselves. 4. In limb bud embryos, hyaluronan is present throughout the cranial mesenchyme, but is generally not present in the branchial bars, somites, or limb buds. 5. At mid-gestation, hyaluronan is present in the axial skeleton, craniofacial mesenchyme, endocardial cushions of the heart, smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, and connective tissue throughout the body. The pattern of hyaluronan expression in the day 13 fetus is nearly identical to the published distribution of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), suggesting a close functional relationship between these molecules. Together, the results suggest that hyaluronan is involved in the formation of early mesoderm, differentiation of craniofacial mesenchyme, and morphogenesis of the axial skeleton.
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PMID:Localization of hyaluronan in mouse embryos during implantation, gastrulation and organogenesis. 769 85

Nine cases are presented of a distinctive morphologic variant of myogenic gastrointestinal stromal tumor characterized by an unusually prominent myxoid stromal background reminiscent of a neural neoplasm but lacking the immunohistochemical or ultrastructural features of peripheral nerve sheath or ganglionic differentiation. The patients included six women and three men aged 42 to 86 years (mean, 70). The lesions occurred in the stomach (seven cases) and small intestine (two cases) and ranged in size from 2.5 to 9.5 cm. They were described grossly as well circumscribed, unencapsulated, with a prominently myxoid and often cystic cut surface. Histologically, the lesions were composed of a proliferation of round, spindle, or stellate cells embedded in an abundant myxoid stroma. Histochemical stains showed strong positive reaction of the myxoid stromal background with alcian blue at pH 2.5; this staining reaction was abolished by treatment with hyaluronidase, indicating an abundance of connective tissue mucosubstances rich in hyaluronic acid. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong positivity of the tumor cells with vimentin antibodies in all cases and focal weak to moderate positive staining with muscle actin (HHF35) in eight cases and with desmin in two. Stains for keratin, S-100; epithelial membrane antigen, and collagen type IV were uniformly negative. Ultrastructural examination carried out in all cases showed features consistent with those previously described for myogenic gastrointestinal stromal tumors, namely, scattered mitochondria and prominent Golgi apparati, strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, focal accumulation of intracytoplasmic microfilaments with occasional focal condensations, subplasmalemmal attachment plaques and immature cell junctions, focal extracellular basal lamina material, and surface-oriented micropinocytotic activity. The myxoid changes observed in these tumors may represent a secondary, nonspecific reaction pattern of the tumor cells to some noxious stimulus, or they may be a form of degenerative phenomenon such as that commonly observed in smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus and other sites. Myogenic gastrointestinal stromal tumors with prominent myxoid stroma should be distinguished from benign schwannoma of the stomach and gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors. Because of the differences in prognosis for these entities, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations are recommended for the evaluation of gastrointestinal stromal neoplasms with prominent myxoid features.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with prominent myxoid matrix. Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of nine cases of a distinctive morphologic variant of myogenic stromal tumor. 750 67

A study was conducted on 75 primigravidae in labour of which 50 were injected with intracervical injection of hyaluronidase and 25 were taken as control. Labour could be accelerated and shortened by an average of 1.95 hours (p < .01) after intracervical injection of hyaluronidase. Its effect was insignificant on the latent phase of labour while it significantly shortened the active phase of labour by 2.09 hours (p < .001). Its effect on maximum rate of cervical dilatation (0.85 cm/hour) was also found to be statistically significant ie, p < .001. Hyaluronidase had no effect on uterine contractions, duration of 2nd and 3rd stages of labour and on involution of the uterus. There was no incidence of cervical tear in any of the cases.
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PMID:Effects of intracervical injection of hyaluronidase in primigravidae during labour. 807 53

Contractions of the rat uterus in response to trypsin, kallikrein, bradykinin, angiotensin II, oxytocin and acetylcholine, were abolished when an inside-out preparation was used. Sensitivity to Ba++, however, was preserved. In preparations in which the endometrium was mechanically removed, all above cited agonists elicited contractions. By treating the uterus with both collagenase and hyaluronidase, acetylcholine was able to induce a contraction when applied to the endometrium side of the uterus. The results show that a barrier for protease, peptides and acetylcholine is present in the mucosa of the rat uterus.
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PMID:Pharmacological demonstration of a barrier for protease, peptides and acetylcholine in the endometrium of the rat. 818 17

Adenomatoid tumors arising in the uterus are not well-recognized and sometimes mistaken for other benign or malignant neoplasms. This study describes three cases of uterine adenomatoid tumors with clinical, light microscopic, histochemical and electron microscopical studies. Four distinctive histologic patterns (solid, adenoid, angiomatoid, cystic) were identified. Acid mucopolysaccharide was present in three cases and was digested by hyaluronidase. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin and vimentin. Electron microscopy revealed microvilli, intermediate filaments and dilated intercellular spaces. This gives further support to a mesothelial origin of the adenomatoid tumor. Interestingly, one case showed that the adenomatoid tumor was multiple and one nodule was connected with leiomyomatous nodule. In the other case, the tumor was large 5 x 4 x 4.5 cm). These features were unusual.
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PMID:[Three cases of adenomatoid tumor of the uterus]. 881 May 58

Ten endometrial stromal tumors of the uterus with a prominent myxoid or fibrous appearance, or both, that led to problems in interpretation are reported. The patients were 32 to 52 (mean 39) years of age. Three presented with dysfunctional uterine bleeding and one with abdominal pain. An enlarged uterus or a pelvic mass was palpated in five patients; the tumor was an incidental postpartum finding in one patient. All patients underwent hysterectomy. The tumors ranged from 4 to 20 cm in greatest dimension. Six were soft, polypoid intracavitary masses and four were predominantly intramyometrial; two were gelatinous. On microscopic examination, nine tumors infiltrated the myometrium (stromal sarcomas) and one was well circumscribed (stromal nodule). Six tumors had a predominantly fibrous component with the neoplastic cells separated by variable amounts of collagen; extensive areas of hyalinization were present in three tumors. Two tumors were predominantly composed of hypocellular areas with an abundant myxoid matrix, and two had both components in roughly equal proportions. Alcian blue staining was positive, with the staining eliminated by hyaluronidase predigestion, in the myxoid areas. The typical morphologic features of endometrial stromal neoplasia were present focally in four tumors. All of them contained numerous small thin-walled vessels. Vimentin and smooth muscle actin were positive in nine of nine and seven of nine tumors, respectively, whereas desmin was negative in six of nine tumors and only focally positive in the other three. One patient had omental nodules at the time of the initial diagnosis and another had a pelvic recurrence 2 years after hysterectomy. Follow-up information is unavailable or short in the other cases. These tumors should be considered of endometrial stromal origin in view of the typical location of most of them, their growth pattern, content of characteristic arterioles, presence of typical endometrial stromal neoplasia in the primary or recurrent tumor in some cases, and absence of evidence of origin from a cell type other than endometrial stroma. These tumors may be identical, in some instances at least, to tumors referred to in the older literature as "myxofibrosarcomas."
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PMID:Myxoid and fibrous endometrial stromal tumors of the uterus: a report of 10 cases. 1054 38

Sperm adhesion molecule 1 (Spam1) is a widely conserved sperm surface protein with multiple roles in mammalian fertilization. Although the gene for this protein has been thought to be testis specific based on Northern blot analysis, there is evidence for nontesticular expression when transcripts are analyzed by more sensitive techniques. In the present investigation, results of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, an RNase-protection assay (RPA), and an in situ transcript hybridization assay revealed that the murine Spam1 gene is transcribed in the female genital tract. RPA revealed that Spam1 transcripts are synthesized in a region-dependent manner, with the oviduct having lower transcript levels than the uterus and vagina. The transcripts levels were 3- to 10-fold lower in the female genital tract than in the testis. In situ transcript hybridization assay revealed RNA in the luminal epithelium in all three regions of the genital tract and in the uterine myometrium and the oviductal mesothelium. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the protein concentration is 1.5- to 3-fold lower in female tissues than in sperm, and localization is similar to that of the transcripts. The protein has hyaluronidase activity at neutral pH, which is unique for sperm hyaluronidase, but not at acidic pH. In the uterus, Spam1 expression fluctuated during the estrous cycle. Its localization suggests that in addition to functioning as a secretory protein, it may be involved in hyaluronic acid metabolism or turnover in the female genital tract. Our results provide further evidence that Spam1 is a multifunctional protein and that it is less restricted in its expression than previously reported.
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PMID:Mouse Spam1 (PH-20) is a multifunctional protein: evidence for its expression in the female reproductive tract. 1267 66

A murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb CO-TL1, IgG1) has been raised by differential screening of hybridoma supernatants on sections of human large and small intestines, followed by screening on colon adenomas as well as on colorectal carcinomas. In both paraffin sections and cryostat sections, the antibody stained strongly all cell types in adult, neonatal and fetal human colorectal epithelium, that is, the goblet cells, the columnar cells and the endocrine cells. No staining was observed in the remaining parts of the normal gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. As revealed by immuno electron microscopy the epitope was present in the apical and basolateral cell membranes, the Golgi complex, secretory vesicles of goblet and columnar cells, and also in granules of the endocrine cells. The epitope in colorectal tissue sections was resistant to the deglycosylation enzymes neuramidase, diastase and hyaluronidase indicating its proteinaceous nature. This colorectal antigen remained expressed in 100% of colorectal adenomas (n = 39) and 86% (n = 29) of colorectal carcinomas. The expression was reduced in undifferentiated carcinomas. The CO-TL1 antibody detected also most other gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and a few carcinomas of the ovary, uterus, breast, gallbladder and pancreas. However, it never detected carcinomas derived from the thyroid, lung, liver, bladder, kidney, prostate, testis, serous membranes of body cavities and skin. A wild-type variant protein of > 300 kDa of the colorectal antigen was identified in normal colorectal epithelium. In colorectal tumours, however, two tumour variant forms were found of 160-200 and 115-140 kDa, respectively. Our data indicate that this new MoAb CO-TL1 can be considered as a useful marker, which identifies normal colorectal epithelium and gastrointestinal tumours and especially colorectal tumours with high accuracy and excludes tumours originated from thyroid, lung, liver, bladder, kidney, prostate, testis, mesothelium and skin.
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PMID:Expression of a colorectal antigen defined by a new monoclonal antibody, CO-TL1. 1519 15


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