Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.31 (beta-glucuronidase)
7,680 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acidification of intracellular compartments by the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPases (VHA) is known to energize ion and metabolite transport, though cellular processes influenced by this activity are poorly understood. At least 26 VHA genes encode 12 subunits of the V(1)V(o)-ATPase complex in Arabidopsis, and how the expression, assembly, and activity of the pump are integrated into signaling networks that govern growth and adaptation are largely unknown. The role of multiple VHA-c genes encoding the 16-kD subunit of the membrane V(o) sector was investigated. Expression of VHA-c1, monitored by promoter-driven beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was responsive to light or dark in an organ-specific manner. VHA-c1 expression in expanding cotyledons, hypocotyls of etiolated seedlings, and elongation zone of roots supported a role for V-ATPase in cell enlargement. Mutants reduced in VHA-c1 transcript using dsRNA-mediated interference showed reduction in root growth relative to wild-type seedlings. In contrast, VHA-c3 promoter::GUS expression was undetectable in most organs of seedlings, but strong in the root cap. Interestingly, dsRNA-mediated mutants of vha-c3 also showed reduced root length and decreased tolerance to moderate salt stress. The results suggest that V-ATPase functions in the root cap influenced root growth. Expression of VHA-c1 and VHA-c3 in tissues with active membrane flow, including root cap, vascular strands, and floral style would support a model for participation of the V(o) sector and V(1)V(o)-ATPase in membrane trafficking and fusion. Two VHA-c genes are thus differentially expressed to support growth in expanding cells and to supply increased demand for V-ATPase in cells with active exocytosis.
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PMID:Differential expression of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit c genes in tissues active in membrane trafficking and their roles in plant growth as revealed by RNAi. 1505 61

Agrobacterium-based transformation was used to introduce a promoter-less glucuronidase uidA gene (beta-glucuronidase; GUS) into Lotus japonicus. Transgenic plants were screened for GUS activation at different stages after inoculation with its symbiont, Mesorhizobium loti. Functional GUS fusion frequencies ranged from about 2 to 5% of the total number of transgenic lines. These lines provide excellent histological markers for tissue ontogeny analysis. Some of the activations generated GUS expression patterns that correspond to well-known tissue types, such as lateral root and nodule primordia, root tips and developing nodules (line CHEETAH). Others generated GUS activation associated with predictable but previously unknown (i) tissue types, such as the vascular bundle of the nodule (line VASCO); or (ii) expression domains, such as pericycle, nodule primordia, nodule and flower connective/vascular tissue (line FATA MORGANA) or inner root cortex cells in the vicinity of a curled root hair, nodule primordia and nodule cortex (line TIMPA). Putative members of two gene superfamilies, EH (Esp homolog) and AAA ATPase (ATPase associated with various cellular activities), were located next to the CHEETAH and VASCO insertions, respectively, and a nodulin gene, LjENOD40-2, was located next to the FATA MORGANA insertion. We utilized promoter GUS fusions to investigate the genetic regulation of LjENOD40-2 and FATA MORGANA GUS. The LjENOD40-2 promoter defined a novel expression domain and the FATA MORGANA nodule expression was reiterated by the 2 kb sequence upstream of the T-DNA insertion.
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PMID:Promoter trapping in Lotus japonicus reveals novel root and nodule GUS expression domains. 1589 81

Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause bronchopneumonia in foals and AIDS patients. Here, we have analyzed R. equi-containing vacuoles (RCVs) in murine macrophages by confocal laser scanning microscopy, by transmission electron microscopy and by immunochemistry upon purification. We show that RCVs progress normally through the early stages of phagosome maturation acquiring PI3P, early endosome antigen-1, and Rab5, and loosing all or much of them within minutes. Although mature RCVs possess the normally late endocytic markers, lysosome-associated membrane proteins, lysobisphosphatidic acid and Rab7, they lack other hallmark features of late endocytic organelles such as possession of cathepsin D, acid beta-glucuronidase, proton-pumping ATPase and the ability to fuse with prelabeled lysosomes. Bacterial strains possessing a virulence-associated plasmid maintain a nonacidified compartment for 48 h, whereas isogenic strains lacking such plasmids acidify progressively. In summary, RCVs represent a novel phagosome maturation stage positioned after completion of the early endosome stage and before reaching a fully mature late endosome compartment. In addition, vacuole biogenesis can be influenced by bacterial plasmids.
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PMID:Maturation of Rhodococcus equi-containing vacuoles is arrested after completion of the early endosome stage. 1599 20

In Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PMAs) are encoded by a gene family of nine members. Here, we report on the characterization of a new isogene, NpPMA5 (belonging to subfamily IV), and the determination of its expression pattern using the beta-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene. pNpPMA5-gusA was expressed in cotyledons, in vascular tissues of the stem (mainly in nodal zones), and in the flower and fruit. In the flower, high expression was found in the pollen tube after in vitro or in vivo germination. Northern blotting analysis confirmed that NpPMA5 was expressed in the pollen tube contrary to NpPMA2 (subfamily I) or NpPMA4 (subfamily II), two genes highly expressed in other tissues. The subcellular localization of PM H(+)-ATPase in the pollen tube was analyzed by immunocytodecoration. As expected, this enzyme was localized to the plasma membrane. However, neither the tip nor the base of the pollen tube was labeled, showing an asymmetrical distribution of this enzyme. This observation supports the hypothesis that the PM H(+)-ATPase is involved in creating the pH gradient that is observed along the pollen tube and is implicated in cell elongation. Compared to other plant PM H(+)-ATPases, the C-terminal region of NpPMA5 is shorter by 26 amino acid residues and is modified in the last 6 residues, due to a sequence rearrangement, which was also found in the orthologous gene of Nicotiana glutinosa, a Nicotiana species distant from N. plumbaginifolia and Petunia hybrida and Lycopersicon esculentum, other Solanacae species. This modification alters part of the PM H(+)-ATPase regulatory domain and raises the question whether this isoform is still regulated.
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PMID:Identification of a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase gene expressed in the pollen tube. 1624 Jan 73

The vacuole is a large, multifunctional organelle related to the processes of cell expansion, solute accumulation, regulation of cytoplasmic ion concentrations, pH homeostasis and osmoregulation, which are directly or indirectly achieved by vacuolar H+-pumps: vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3) and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase; EC 3.6.1.1). In this study, we produced antisense-transgenic tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) of the V-ATPase A subunit, which is under the control of the fruit-specific 2A11 promoter. One beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-transgenic line (GUS control) and seven A subunit antisense-transgenic lines were obtained. The amount of V-ATPase A subunit mRNA in fruit decreased in all antisense-transgenic lines, but in leaves showed no difference compared with the GUS control line and the nontransformant, suggesting that suppression of the V-ATPase A subunit by a 2A11 promoter is limited to fruit. The antisense-transgenic plants had smaller fruits compared with the GUS control line and the nontransformant. Surprisingly, fruits from the antisense-transgenic plants, except the fruit that still had relatively high expression of A subunit mRNA, had few seeds. Sucrose concentration in fruits from the antisense-transgenic plants increased, but glucose and fructose concentrations did not change. These results show the importance of V-ATPase, not only in fruit growth, but also in seed formation and in sugar composition of tomato fruit.
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PMID:Fruit-specific V-ATPase suppression in antisense-transgenic tomato reduces fruit growth and seed formation. 1632 82

Enzyme activity changes in reagent and neoplastic glia are examined. In the case of reagent glia, considerably increased ADPase, ATPase and AMPase values have been observed in experimental elective parenchymal necrosis in the rat, in hypertrophic astrocytes from recent plaques in multiple necrosis, in demyelinisation associated with cyanide encephalopathy, and in reagent astrocytes surrounding tumours and arteriosclerosis sites. Depressed ATPase values have been observed in experimental oedema, as compared with increased TPPase in human oedema. BuChE and ChE activity disappears in both oligodendro- and astroglia near old cerebral infarct sites, whereas there is marked BuChE activity peripherally to multiple sclerosis plaques and in areas of phenylpyruvic oligophrenia demyelinisation. In neoplastic glia, ADPase is clearly evident in malignant gliomas, ATPase is related to the extent of the cell body, AMPase is positive in medulloblastoma cell cytoplasm and beta-glucuronidase increases in anaplasia. Above-normal ChE activity has been observed in astrocyte tumors, while BuChE is greater than that of AChE. Phosphorylase reaction is intense in astrocytoma and in glioblastoma giant cells. Phosphoglucomutase values are below-normal in tumours, except in the case of ependymoma, while both phosphohexoisomerase and hexokinase display increased activity in atypical forms.
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PMID:[Histochemical demonstration of glial enzyme activity. II. Reagent and neoplastic glia]. 1734 Aug 8

In this study, S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS) was used to evaluate its preventive effect in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in male Wistar rats. Rats were pretreated with SACS (40 and 80 mg kg(-1)) orally for 5 weeks. After the treatment period, ISO (150 mg kg(-1)) was administered subcutaneously to rats at an interval of 24 h for 2 days. The activities of beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase increased in serum and heart in ISO-induced rats. In addition, these rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activities of beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin-D in serum and heart and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in their activities in lysosomal fraction of the heart. The activity of Na(+)K(+)-ATPase declined, while those of Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-ATPases significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in the heart of ISO-induced rats. Pretreatment with SACS (40 and 80 mg kg(-1)) showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect in all the biochemical parameters studied. The effect at a dose of 80 mg kg(-1) body weight was more effective than that at 40 mg kg(-1) body weight and brought back all the biochemical parameters to near normal levels. Hereby, our study shows the membrane-stabilizing as well as antioxidant effects of SACS in ISO-induced rats.
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PMID:Preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) on lysosomal hydrolases and membrane-bound ATPases in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. 1762 87

Calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) are essential nutrients required for normal plant growth and development, and transport processes play a key role in regulating their cellular levels. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains four P(2A)-type ATPase genes, AtECA1 to AtECA4, which are expressed in all major organs of Arabidopsis. To elucidate the physiological role of AtECA2 and AtECA3 in Arabidopsis, several independent T-DNA insertion mutant alleles were isolated. When grown on medium lacking Mn, eca3 mutants, but not eca2 mutants, displayed a striking difference from wild-type plants. After approximately 8 to 9 d on this medium, eca3 mutants became chlorotic, and root and shoot growth were strongly inhibited compared to wild-type plants. These severe deficiency symptoms were suppressed by low levels of Mn, indicating a crucial role for ECA3 in Mn nutrition in Arabidopsis. eca3 mutants were also more sensitive than wild-type plants and eca2 mutants on medium lacking Ca; however, the differences were not so striking because in this case all plants were severely affected. ECA3 partially restored the growth defect on high Mn of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pmr1 mutant, which is defective in a Golgi Ca/Mn pump (PMR1), and the yeast K616 mutant (Deltapmc1 Deltapmr1 Deltacnb1), defective in Golgi and vacuolar Ca/Mn pumps. ECA3 also rescued the growth defect of K616 on low Ca. Promoter:beta-glucuronidase studies show that ECA3 is expressed in a range of tissues and cells, including primary root tips, root vascular tissue, hydathodes, and guard cells. When transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum, an ECA3-yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein showed overlapping expression with the Golgi protein GONST1. We propose that ECA3 is important for Mn and Ca homeostasis, possibly functioning in the transport of these ions into the Golgi. ECA3 is the first P-type ATPase to be identified in plants that is required under Mn-deficient conditions.
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PMID:ECA3, a Golgi-localized P2A-type ATPase, plays a crucial role in manganese nutrition in Arabidopsis. 1802 60

Plant plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPase) are essential for establishing a proton electrochemical gradient across the cell plasma membrane. Their regulation is poorly understood, except for the role of 14-3-3 proteins, which relieve autoinhibition from the C-terminal domain. A novel protein interacting with this domain was recently identified in Arabidopsis and named PPI1 (Proton Pump Interactor 1). PPI1 stimulates PM H+-ATPase activity in vitro. Here, we analyse the expression pattern of Ppi1 using beta-glucuronidase as a reporter. Expression is strong in root and shoot vascular systems, particularly in meristematic and sink tissues, as well as in pollen, stigmas and siliques, but not in developing embryos. Removal of the first intron decreased GUS expression 45-fold. We also analysed the transcription of Ppi2, another gene in the family, and demonstrated that Ppi2 is expressed in seedlings, cultured cells and flowers. We reassessed Ppi2 gene structure based on RT-PCR amplifications, cDNA data and similarity to other Ppi genes. Insertional mutants for both Ppi1 and Ppi2 were isolated. Two different mutants of Ppi1 showed aberrant mRNAs and lacked any detectable protein and are therefore true knockouts. Interestingly, one mutation inhibited the splicing of one intron at a considerable distance (>700 bp) from the T-DNA insertion site, but not the splicing of a proximal intron (29 bp) or of any other intron. At the plant level, neither of the single mutants nor the double ppi1ppi2 mutant showed an altered phenotype in standard growth conditions under acid load or salt stress.
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PMID:The proton pump interactor (Ppi) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: expression pattern of Ppi1 and characterisation of knockout mutants for Ppi1 and 2. 1830 98

The discovery that two recently identified molecules, klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), played an important role in calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism has transformed our traditional physiological view in which bone and mineral homeostasis was mainly regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin, according to mineral body needs. FGF23 is a 251-amino acid secreted protein produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone following the stimulation by phosphate and vitamin D or the inhibition by dentin matrix protein 1. Originally isolated from tumoral cells of patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia and hypophosphatemia, FGF23 inhibits phosphate reabsorption in renal proximal tubular cells and 1alpha-hydroxylase activity, resulting in decreased synthesis of calcitriol. To exert these actions, FGF23 requires the conversion, by klotho, of the canonical FGF receptor 1 (IIIc) in a specific high affinity FGF23 receptor. On the other hand, klotho is a putative antiaging gene identified in 1997 when a particular mouse strain, created by random insertion mutagenesis, was found to be short-lived and displayed premature atherosclerosis, osteopenia, skin atrophy, pulmonary emphysema, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and high serum calcitriol levels. The gene of klotho encodes a 1012-amino acid cell-surface protein with a short cytoplasmic tail and an extracellular domain that consists in tandem duplicated copies of a beta-glucuronidase-like sequence, which can be released into the circulation as soluble forms after being cleaved by metalloproteinases such as ADAM10 and ADAM17. By modulating FGF23 action, klotho regulates urinary phosphate excretion and calcitriol synthesis. By virtue of its beta-glucuronidase activity, klotho deglycosylates the calcium channel TRPV5 (transient receptor potential vallinoid-5) and regulates urinary calcium excretion. klotho also binds to Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in parathyroid cells and regulates calcium-stimulated PTH secretion. Finally, klotho extends life span via several mechanisms, including the reduction of calcitriol synthesis, serum calcium, and phosphorus levels; the induction of insulin resistance; and by increasing the resistance to oxidative stress.
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PMID:Klotho gene, phosphocalcic metabolism, and survival in dialysis. 1912 71


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